The FDA recently approved two mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, but it was a challenge to make this type of vaccine work. And it took decades of research to get us to the point where scientists could make those vaccines as quickly as they did. Hosted by: Hank Green SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at www.scishowtangents.org ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever: Silas Emrys, Jb Taishoff, Bd_Tmprd, Harrison Mills, Jeffrey Mckishen, James Knight, Christoph Schwanke, Jacob, Matt Curls, Sam Buck, Christopher R Boucher, Eric Jensen, Lehel Kovacs, Adam Brainard, Greg, Ash, Sam Lutfi, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, charles george, Alex Hackman, Chris Peters, Kevin Bealer ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00594/full#h5 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936610/ www.nature.com/articles/s41541-020-0159-8 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478238/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597572/ academic.oup.com/pcp/article-abstract/27/4/619/1850703 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964141/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6631684/ www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01012/full pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22549871/ www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761305002116 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987916/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835112/ clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/13/2/540 www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/1/204/htm www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.280818v1.abstract www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2028436 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4798869/ www.nature.com/articles/274923a0 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439223/ www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/pdf/S1931-3128(20)30248-1.pdf www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901985/ www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554980/ Images: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1ucg_EBI.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1bol_EBI.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1ucd_EBI.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2rln_EBI.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MRNA_structure.svg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SolidLipidNanoparticle.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SARS_virion.gif phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=15906 www.thingiverse.com/thing:3146686