Go to www.curiositystream.com/minute to get a free month trial with CuriosityStream and get a subscription to Nebula bundled in for free! Because the ossification process can differ so much from human to human, we have a wide range of potential bone numbers. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Cartilage: The flexible connective tissue that is turned to bone by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts: Cells that control calcium and mineral deposition to turn cartilage into bone. Sesamoids: Bones embedded in tendons or muscles. Fabella: A large sesamoid bone occasionally found behind the knee joint. Coccyx: The small set of semi-fused triangular bones at the end of the vertebral column. ___________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes: goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer, Editor and Video Director and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia (@garirius) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder ___________________________________________ References: Goldberg I, Nathan H. (1987). Anatomy and pathology of the sesamoid bones. The hand compared to the foot. International Orthopaedics. 11(2):141-7. Retrieved from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610408. Vineet K. Sarin Gregory M. Erickson Nicholas J. Giori A. Gabrielle Bergman Dennis R. Carter (2003). Coincident development of sesamoid bones and clues to their evolution. The Anatomical Record.5: 174-180. Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0185%2819991015%29257%3A5%3C174%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O. Tao Sun, Lingxiang Wang, Haitao Zhao,Wenjuan Wu,and Wenhai Hu (2016). Prevalence, morphological variation and ossification of sesamoid bones of the forefoot: a retrospective radiographic study of 8,716 Chinese subjects. 2(3): 91–96. Retrieved from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410651/. Postacchini F, Massobrio M. (1983). Idiopathic coccygodynia: Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. 65(8): 1116-1124. Retrieved from: www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm. Meals, Roy. (2019). Personal Communication. www.AboutBone.com

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