Thanks to Friends of Caesar Creek for supporting this episode of SciShow! Go to bit.ly/FriendsofCaesarCreek to plan your next outdoor adventure! Modern-day Ohio is more than 600 kilometers from the ocean - yet it has thousands of ocean fossils dating back to the Ordovician, giving us a glimpse at its past under an ancient, fishless sea. Hosted by: Hank Green ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever: Adam Brainard, Greg, Alex Hackman, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters ---------- Sources: kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/78494/1/OGS_1992_GB-12.pdf jrscience.wcp.miamioh.edu/downloads/Ordoviciangeology.pdf ucmp.berkeley.edu/silurian/silurian.php www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648279/ ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertfr.html ucmp.berkeley.edu/ordovician/ordovician.php www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/science/fish-evolution-shallow-coasts.html science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6413/402 www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Fossil_-_Isotelus kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/22911 science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6413/402 www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/nonmarine-arthropod-traces-from-the-subaerial-ordovician-borrowdale-volcanic-group-english-lake-district/A203763DC4AEA05D731966614AB2DE30 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221300136X#bib13 geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/appalach.html www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Lakes/Caesar-Creek-Lake/Fossil-Collecting/ www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Lakes/Caesar-Creek-Lake/ A Sea without Fish: Life in the Ordovician Sea of the Cincinnati Region: www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/ordovician/ www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Bryozoan_Fossils samnoblemuseum.ou.edu/common-fossils-of-oklahoma/invertebrate-fossils/graptolites/ www.britannica.com/animal/graptolite ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/blastoidea.html ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php isgs.illinois.edu/outreach/geology-resources/cephalopods journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007262&type=printable pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1066p/report.pdf (page 78) Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology: Macrofossils (Page 82) www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth_De_Baets/publication/267268188_Normal_giants_Temporal_and_latitudinal_shifts_of_Palaeozoic_marine_invertebrate_gigantism_and_global_change/links/59ec4628a6fdccef8b0c6f1e/Normal-giants-Temporal-and-latitudinal-shifts-of-Palaeozoic-marine-invertebrate-gigantism-and-global-change.pdf cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/big-five-extinctions www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648279/ geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/appalach.html citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.546.2076&rep=rep1&type=pdf ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/cephalopods oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/glacial-adjustment.html Image Sources: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caesar_Creek_Lake_from_spillway.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caesars_creek-kmf.JPG commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LibertyFormationSlab092313.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Graptolites-EncBrit.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Bryozoa.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Crinoidea.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Blastoidea.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Asteridea.jpg bit.ly/2Wvl6eP commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taconic_orogeny.png commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ROM28084_Cryptograptus_(1).jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Promissum_NT_small.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_North_American_Paleogeograpy_Middle_Devonian.png commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nmnh_fg09.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trilobite_tracks_at_World_Museum_Liverpool.JPG commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cheirurus_ingricus_-_trilobite_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2012-05-17.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orthoceras_BW.jpg bit.ly/2KjSWNk bit.ly/2jqm9Wd bit.ly/295q7hx commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cephalaspis_species.jpg commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Astraspis_desiderata.jpg

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