It's easy to assume that every trait - including stubby arms on a terrifying predator - must be beneficial, but the forces of evolution don't really work like that. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! twin-cities.umn.edu/ Thanks also to our supporters on www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________ FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Evolutionary Mechanisms: Forces that change the frequency of genes in populations. Natural Selection: The process whereby traits that make animals more likely to survive and reproduce take hold in a population. Vestigiality: The process by which a genetically-determined structure loses some or all of its functionality. Genetic Drift: A change in the frequency of an allele due to random sampling. ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen (@QCVisual) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder _________________________________________ Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: goo.gl/ZVgLQZ Also, say hello on: Facebook: goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: goo.gl/Y1aWVC And find us on itunes: goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: The BrainScoop on Sue the T. Rex: www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHhI4eqYGdk ___________________________________________ References: Switek, B. (2013). Paleontology: The Truth about the T. Rex 502 (424-426). Retrieved from: www.nature.com/news/palaeontology-the-truth-about-t-rex-1.13988 E. Snively, A. P. Russell, G. L. Powell, J. M. Theodor & M.J.Ryan (2014). The role of the neck in the feeding behaviour of the Tyrannosauridae: inference based on kinematics and muscle function of extant avians. Journal of Zoology 292 (290-303). Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12109/abstract Middleton, K., and Gatesy, S. (2000) Theropod forelimb design and evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128 (149-187). Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00160.x/abstract Lynch, M., Ackerman, M., Gout, J., Long, H., Sung, W., Thomas, W., and Foster, P. (2016). Genetic drift, selection and the evolution of the mutation rate. Nature Reviews: Genetics 17 (704-715). Retrieved from: www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v17/n11/full/nrg.2016.104.html

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