Recent high profile harmful algal bloom outbreaks have centered increased attention on agriculture’s role in contributing phosphorus (P) to impaired surface waters and the effectiveness of current and future conservation strategies designed to mitigate such losses. Research on the sources and pathways of P loss predates most of us, yet we still deal with unintended consequences of some conservation measures. To a large extent, these concerns are fueled by a public debate of the wise use of conservation funding, an underlying desire for “quick fixes,” and an underestimation of the legacies of prior P and nitrogen (N) management. These problems are not unique to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed nor are our options for future P management. As a result, lessons can be learned and regional and national research, demonstration, and extension efforts can foster and guide a road map for successful P conservation.

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