The Secrets of Life’s Toughest MaterialOne of the toughest materials known to science is made not by humans, but by nature... and it's inside of oysters.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://news.umich.edu/cracking-the-mystery-of-natures-toughest-material/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-018-0009-6
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Materials_Science_for_Te/UumaDwAAQBAJ
https://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/McKittrick-article.pdf
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/matse81/node/2105
https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2008/11/25/mother-of-pearl-secret-revealed/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/3/l_013_06.html
http://ams.cstam.org.cn/article/2018/0567-7718-34-1-143.html
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-materials-research/article/platelet-interlocks-are-the-key-to-toughness-and-strength-in-nacre/74323E967B18BF539E91008B98C5A5DC
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12743-z
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/19/downloads/Chapter_1/Activities/Magma_elevator.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5090675/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-018-0009-6#Sec17
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0928493116311997
The First Room Temperature Superconductor! (Still No Hoverboards) | SciShow NewsHot off the presses, this week has been cool! Researchers have discovered the first room-temperature superconductor, and another group has created a type of paint that actually stays cooler than the environment around it!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100221
Do You Expand With The Universe?As the universe expands, #expanding #space is said to "stretch" photons. But if it stretches photons, does it also stretch molecules, galaxies and you? A portion of this video was sponsored by Salesforce. Go to https://salesforce.com/veritasium to learn more.
Special thanks to Geraint Lewis - this video was based on his paper "On the relativity of redshifts"
https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08634
Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl and books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks
References:
Expanding Space: the Root of all Evil?
Matthew J. Francis, Luke A. Barnes, J. Berian James, Geraint F. Lewis
https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.0380
Editing and VFX by Trenton Oliver
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Music from https://epidemicsound.com
#SMB #smallbiz #startups #SalesforceEssentials
Sociolinguistics: Crash Course Linguistics #7Language is an important part of our identities, and the ways we feel about how others use language is influenced by society. The study of the social element of language, and how it forms part of our identity is sociolinguistics. In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll learn about linguistic differences between and within languages based on factors such as location, education, class, race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, and how our perceptions of these differences affect our society.
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
Pixelland by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4222-pixelland
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Alice Hamilton: The Doctor Who Made Work Safer | Great MindsDuring the period of rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, factory jobs were incredibly unsafe. That is, until Dr. Alice Hamilton basically became an investigative reporter to figure out how factories were poisoning workers with lead! Oh, and some of her other research popularized mask-wearing as a way to reduce the spread of disease - a practice that is extremely relevant in the time of COVID-19.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
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Sources:
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/alicehamilton.html
https://www.osha.gov/aboutosha/40-years/trianglefactoryfire
https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alice-hamilton
https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/68/4/224/5001592
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/465640
https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/126/1/5/299373
https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/68/4/224/5001592, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532993/
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/celebrating-life-alice-hamilton-founding-mother-occupational-medicine
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/completeoshact
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs.html
The Muscle Song (Memorize Your Anatomy) | SCIENCE SONGSThank you Google for sponsoring a portion of this video! To learn more about how Google helps protect your information online, visit http://passwords.google.com
Hope you enjoy this crash course the muscle anatomy. To watch more SCIENCE SONGS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HRkKznJoZA&list=PLvFsG9gYFxY9zTBhcFmMcYa3zYfQz7P7F&ab_channel=AsapSCIENCE
Song created by Mitchell Moffit
LYRICS:
VERSE 1
See the chest
You can flex
Your pectoralis
Major out
Minor in
So that you can press
Underneath
On the ribs
Is the serratus
Anterior
For boxing fitness
Turn the neck
Sternocloidomastoid is here
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Work in tandem dear
On the back
Now the trapezius appear
Upper, Middle and Inferior
Shoulders up
Shoulders down
Feel the deltoids work
Abduction of your little arms
The biceps brachii
And brachialis
Flex the elbow, looking strong
Turn around
The triceps
Cause extension
In the shape of a horseshoe
To the forearm
Brachioradialis
Carpi ulnaris times two
Add the carpi radialis; flexor, extensor, too
The hand has many muscles, that we’re not going through
CHORUS
This is the muscle song
So sing along
600 plus
That you can trust
To move you on your way
Smooth, Cardiac and
Skeletal soft tissue
Changing posture
Locomotion
Organs too
VERSE 2
Give me abs
Can’t resists
Rectus abdominis
Tendinous
Inscriptions
For some definit
Got obliques
With technique
To rotate and twist
Intercostals move the chest and ribs
The longest
Muscle is
The sartorius
Adductors
Longus
And Gracilis
Tensor Fascaie latae
And Pectineus
It’s your thigh
And here we cannot miss
Take a look
The Quadriceps
In four parts
Rectus femoris on top
On the outside
Vastus lateralis
Medialis near the crotch
Down below
The vastus intermedius
Sits on the long femur
With the quads
You can walk
You can run, jump, squat
Extend the knee
Be a dancer
CHORUS
This is the muscle song
So sing along
600 plus
That you can trust
To move you on your way
Smooth, Cardiac and
Skeletal soft tissue
Evolutionary wonders
Inside you
FINALE
Rhomboids
Retract the shoulder blade with major minor
Infraspinatus, and teres make the shoulder liner
Lats are looking broader
Erector spinae will make you taller
Glutes!
Are freakin huge!
The largest muscles they include
The maximus, the medius and minimus
Hamstring placement just below with
IT band, adductor magnus
Biceps femoris are flexors
Semitendinosus too
And Semimembranosus ooh
Calves can flex the foot for you
The gastrocnemius for jumping too
The soleus points down your toes
So you can put on all your clothes
And cover all your muscles
And move
The hidden treasures of Timbuktu - Elizabeth CoxDig into the ancient manuscripts, scrolls, and books of Timbuktu— and find out why they’ve been hidden for centuries.
--
On the edge of the vast Sahara desert, citizens snuck out of the city of Timbuktu and took to the wilderness. They buried chests in the desert sand, hid them in caves, and sealed them in secret rooms. Inside these chests was a treasure more valuable than gold: the city’s ancient books. Why were they hiding these priceless manuscripts? Elizabeth Cox digs into the literary tradition of Timbuktu.
Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by AIM Creative Studios.
Animator's website: http://www.aimcreativestudios.com/
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Derek Drescher, Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Amin Shahril, Mohamed Elsayed, Barthélémy Michalon, Chumi Ogbonna, Karlee Finch, Mohammad Said, jj5252, Kelvin Lam, Mauricio Basso, Athena Grace Franco, Tirath Singh Pandher, Melvin Williams, Tsz Hin Edmund Chan, Nicolas Silva, Raymond Lee, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Abdallah Absi, Dee Wei, Richard A Berkley, Tim Armstrong, Daniel Nester, Hashem Al, denison martins fernandes, Doug Henry, Arlene Spiegelman, Michał Friedrich, Joshua Wasniewski, Maryam Dadkhah, Kristiyan Bonev, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Emilia Alvarado, Jaime Arriola, Mirzat Tulafu, Lewis Westbury, Felipe Hoff, Rebecca Reineke, Cyrus Garay, Victoria Veretilo, Michael Aquilina, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Valeria Sloan Vasquez, Mike Azarkman and Yvette Mocete.
Why Was the Islamic Golden Age of Science… Golden?Around 750-1250 CE, the Islamic empire made incredible scientific advancements that still influence many fields of research today. What we know about some of the great minds of that time, as well as what we’ve learned from modern studies, suggest that the diversity of the scholars and their knowledge during that period might have played a big role in making that golden age what it was.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Bd_Tmprd, Harrison Mills, Jeffrey Mckishen, James Knight, Christoph Schwanke, Jacob, Matt Curls, Sam Buck, Christopher R Boucher, Eric Jensen, Lehel Kovacs, Adam Brainard, Greg, Ash, Sam Lutfi, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, charles george, Alex Hackman, Chris Peters, Kevin Bealer
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----------
Sources:
https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.06-0803ufm
https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2008/house-wisdom-arabic/
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40542849.pdf
https://www.lib.uiowa.edu/exhibits/previous/arabic/
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2972623.pdf
https://academic.oup.com/philmat/article/14/3/287/1462575
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Al-Khwarizmi%3A-The-Father-of-Algebra/f838f39a44f6ee124c465492ca3240fd46c15aaf?p2df
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-9786-8_9
https://archive.org/stream/TheBookOfIngeniousDevicesAutomationDuringMoslemEra/The+Book+of+Ingenious+Devices+-+Automation+During+Moslem+Era_djvu.txt
https://www.academia.edu/10719581/Medieval_Machines_and_Mechanisms
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-9786-8_4
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59207/665870862-MIT.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/861335/Islamic_Automation_A_Reading_of_al_Jazaris_The_Book_of_Knowledge_of_Ingenious_Mechanical_Devices_1206_
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f96/481a10d817f04d086f2953a1dcdb71ee71ee.pdf
https://www.ijarcst.com/doc/vol2-issue4/ver.1/galal3.pdf
https://books.google.com/books/about/Al_Jazari_The_Book_Of_Knowledge_Of_Ingen.html?id=dLdxDAAAQBAJ
https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/sites/default/files/galal/files/banu-musa_control.pdf
https://archive.org/stream/TheBookOfIngeniousDevicesAutomationDuringMoslemEra/The+Book+of+Ingenious+Devices+-+Automation+During+Moslem+Era_djvu.txt
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-natural/
https://www.umsl.edu/~philo/files/McGinnis%20Works/Avicenna-GMT%20series/Avicenna-OUP.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860635/
https://courses.physics.ucsd.edu/2013/Fall/physics1a/Lectures/F13Physics1ALecRev.pdf
https://phys.org/news/2016-04-ancient-text-reveals-ibn-sina.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272685282_Avicenna_on_the_Human_Self-Consciousness
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398632/
https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol21_3_8_AKBag.pdf
https://daily.jstor.org/the-vast-influence-of-ibn-sina-pioneer-of-medicine/
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/678973
https://www.nature.com/news/collaboration-strength-in-diversity-1.15912#/ref-link-1
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-diversity-makes-us-smarter
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GMx9RwWuW1oRHq7nPOaOSdkgKJ9C4nFB/view
22 Cryptids ExplainedCryptids, or animals that have been claimed to exist without proof of their existence, span the globe. From world-famous sea beasts like the Loch Ness Monster to more obscure creatures like the Mongolian Death Worm, these stories have popped up over the years in many cultures.
Why are there so many questionable claims about the existence of apemen around the world? How do stories of cryptids spread and mutate over time? And if you’re a disobedient kid, how do you make sure you don’t get eaten by a rougarou?
Erin (@erinccmarthy) explains 22 cryptids, from the Pope Lick Monster to chupacabras.
In case you forgot, The List Show is a trivia-tastic, fact-filled show for curious people. Subscribe here for new Mental Floss episodes every Wednesday: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpZ5qUqpW4hW4zdfuBxMSJA?sub_confirmation=1
The Secret Ingredient in Ruminant SpitEvery day, humans literally flush a valuable resource down the toilet: nitrogen. But there are some animals that have figured out a way to recycle the extra nitrogen in their bodies by moving it not to their livers, but to their mouths!
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Bd_Tmprd, Harrison Mills, Jeffrey Mckishen, James Knight, Christoph Schwanke, Jacob, Matt Curls, Sam Buck, Christopher R Boucher, Eric Jensen, Lehel Kovacs, Adam Brainard, Greg, Ash, Sam Lutfi, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, charles george, Alex Hackman, Chris Peters, Kevin Bealer
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----------
Sources:
Physiology of Urea cycle
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513323/
Biochemistry, Ammonia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541039/
One intro line about Urea
https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/123456789/65618/1/137.pdf
Urea metabolism and recycling in ruminants
https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.003401.pdf
The Supernova That Measured The UniverseIn 2015 astronomers successfully predicted the appearance of a supernova within a couple weeks. How did they do it? Win your Ultimate Tech Bundle by entering Fasthosts’ Techie Test here: https://fasthosts.com/veritasium This video was sponsored by Fasthosts.
Special thanks to Geraint Lewis for consulting on gravitational lensing. Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl and books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks
The supernova image in the thumbnail is from my documentary, Uranium: Twisting The Dragon's Tail. Check it out here: https://genepoolproductions.com/uranium-project
References:
DEJA VU ALL OVER AGAIN: THE REAPPEARANCE OF SUPERNOVA REFSDAL
P. L. Kelly et al. https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.04654
Predicted properties of multiple images of the strongly lensed supernova SN Refsdal
Masamune Oguri. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Volume 449, Issue 1, 01 May 2015, Pages L86–L89, https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6443
Multiple Images of a Highly Magnified Supernova Formed by an Early-Type Cluster Galaxy Lens
Patrick L. Kelly et al. https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6009
"Refsdal" meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACSJ1149.5+2223. T. Treu et al. https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.05750
Irwin I. Shapiro (1964). "Fourth Test of General Relativity". Physical Review Letters. 13 (26): 789–791. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.789
Irwin I. Shapiro; Gordon H. Pettengill; Michael E. Ash; Melvin L. Stone; et al. (1968). "Fourth Test of General Relativity: Preliminary Results". Physical Review Letters. 20 (22): 1265–1269. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.1265
Research & Writing by Stephanie Hamilton, Ralph Crewe, Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, and Jonny Hyman
Animations & VFX by Jonny Hyman & Ivàn Tello
Thanks to Jaime Portsmouth for his gravitational lensing simulator and help enabling it to render simulations.
Supernova simulations courtesy of Adam Burrows
Numerous hubble images by Hubble Legacy Archive, NASA/ESA/STScI
Numerous images by ESO / NASA
Why Doesn't All Thunder Sound The Same?Use the promo code "minuteearth" at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth for 26% off an annual subscription to CuriosityStream, plus access to Nebula!
We've all experienced thunder, but what ARE all those claps, booms, and rumbles?
LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Shock wave: a sharp change of pressure in a narrow region traveling through a medium, especially air, caused by explosion or by a body moving faster than sound
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REFERENCES
**************
Blanco, F., La Rocca, P., Petta, C. and Riggi, F. (2009) Modelling Digital Thunder. European Journal of Physics 30: 139–45. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0143-0807/30/1/014
Depasse, P. (1994) Lightning acoustic signature. Journal of Geophysics Research 99: 25933–25940. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/94JD01986
Jagadeesh, G. (2008) Fascinating world of shock waves. Resonance 13: 752–767. https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/reso/013/08/0752-0767.pdf
Matson, W.R. (2018) Sonic Thunder: a Discussion of Natural and Artificial Shock Waves. Morgan and Claypool Publishers.
Sidath, A., Bodhika, J.A.P., Mahendra, F. (2016). Frequency Analysis of Thunder Features. Proceedings of International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309982045_Frequency_Analysis_of_Thunder_Features
Which type of milk is best for you? - Jonathan J. O’Sullivan & Grace E. CunninghamDive into the most popular milks— dairy, almond, soy and oat— to find out which is healthiest for you and for the planet.
--
If you go to the store in search of milk, there are a dizzying number of products to choose from. There’s dairy milk, but also plant-based products such as almond, soy, and oat milks. So which milk is actually best for you? And which uses the fewest resources and produces the least pollution? Jonathan J. O’Sullivan and Grace E. Cunningham dive into some of the most popular milks to find out.
Lesson by Jonathan J. O’Sullivan and Grace E. Cunningham, directed by Anton Bogaty.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jan-Erik , Scott Markley, Kaitlyn holland, Elija Peterson, Michele Lynn Rose, Jai Prasanth, Vack91, David Lucsanyi, Xavier dupont, Marisa Miller, Boytsov Ilya, Steven Razey, Javier Aldavaz, Nathan Giusti, Mada Arslan, Joichiro Yamada, Ritul Raghavan, Aline de Paula Zillig, Yambu Ganesh Shaw, Abeer Rajbeen, John Hong, Minh Tran, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Turine Tran, Mathew Samuel, Karthik Balsubramanian, Lee, Livia-Alexandra Sarban, Annastasshia Ames, João Henrique Rodrigues, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, SANG HAN, Amy Lopez, ReuniteKorea, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Clovis Norroy, Danielle Downs, Nik Maier, Angel Pantoja, Nishant Suneja, 张晓雨, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Sandra Fuller Bocko and Alex Pierce.
The First Conservation Efforts Protected… Poop?!The idea of conservation might seem like a thing that’s only popped up in the last century or so, but organized efforts to conserve resources that directly benefit humans go back centuries!
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Sources:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ibi.12867
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38104317_Putting_the_rise_of_the_Inca_Empire_within_a_climatic_and_land_management_context
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/inca-empire/
https://americanhistory.si.edu/norie-atlas/guano-trade
https://www.intechopen.com/books/seabirds/guano-the-white-gold-of-the-seabirds
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41030-6
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/seabird-poop-worth-more-1-billion-annually-180975504/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36585-9
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b02098
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6415787/
https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/what-load-guano-5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-bird-poop
Covid-19 and Public Health: A Message from Crash CourseWe’ve heard from so many teachers and students who are using Crash Course videos to help with learning amid all this uncertainty, and we are very grateful. Here is some widely applicable, evidence-based public health advice that we put together with the help of our friends at Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at Harvard.
This video is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at Harvard University and at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.
Complexly also has other great channels like Healthcare Triage with Dr. Aaron Carroll and SciShow that are providing in-depth updates on COVID-19.
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Could we harness the power of a black hole? - Fabio PacucciDownload a free audiobook version of "Children of Time" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
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Imagine a distant future when humans reach beyond Earth, forge cities on planets thousands of light-years away, and maintain a galactic web of trade and transport. What would it take to make that leap? And where would we get enough energy to power that civilization? Fabio Pacucci explores the possibility of harnessing energy from a black hole to power a galactic civilization.
Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by TOTEM Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson, Tariq Keblaoui, Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov, igor romanenko, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Brandy Sarver, Guy Hardy, Tu-Anh Nguyen, Karl Laius, Madee Lo, JY Kang, Marc Bou Zeid, Abhishek Goel, Charles A Hershberger, Coenraad Keuning, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Todd Gross, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Zhong Ming Zenny Tan, Karisa Caudill and Bruno Pinho.
Animal Melodies: 5 of Nature’s Sweetest SingersHumans are known to carry a tune, but we're hardly the only animals that sing. In fact we've got five of nature's finest singers, and what makes them so unique.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Explosive Bat in Slow Motion (ft. Stuff Made Here) - Smarter Every Day 245Check out https://www.kiwico.com/smarter to get your first month free!
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Reptiles' Breathing Hack Helped Birds Dominate the AirGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Physics of the Everyday course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
When we breathe out, we empty our lungs. But an ancient reptile figured out a more efficient way to breathe, which ultimately helped birds dominate the skies.
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00056.2014
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0140
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-016-0983-3
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv078
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12871
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405088111
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180219
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1140273
https://doi.org/10.1086/605335
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdrespiration.html
http://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2017/fossil-focus-archosaur-respiratory-system-breat
The Antibacterial Benefits of Wasp VenomThis week, scientists turned to an unlikely source to try to solve the problem of antibiotic resistance, and got a peek at the lifestyle of some of the very first mammals... by studying their teeth.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Sources:
Nobels:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/summary/
Pragmatics: Crash Course Linguistics #6We don’t always say exactly what we mean, and yet we’re still pretty good at understanding each other. That’s because we don’t just use meaning to figure out what’s going on, we also use context. This episode of Crash Course Linguistics is all about pragmatics, the area of linguistics that deals with context. We’ll cover the four main assumptions we make about context in language, also known as Grice’s Maxims, as well as the ways that languages can use grammar to convey politeness, and the different types of conversational styles within and between languages.
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
Carefree by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3476-carefree
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Can Pregnancy Tests Help Beat The Pandemic?Thanks to OIST for sponsoring this video. To learn more, visit https://admissions.oist.jp/
The lab-on-a-stick that lets us know if we’re pregnant is a genius bit of technology that can be used to quickly determine everything from whether there are nuts in our chocolate to whether we have COVID.
LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Early Pregnancy Test: A simple lateral flow assay that tests for the presence of a particular hormone in urine.
Lateral Flow Assay: Simple tests in which a liquid sample is run along the surface of a pad using capillary action and colored antibodies to show a visual positive or negative result.
Capillary Action: The movement of water-based liquids within small tubes due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.
Antibody: A blood protein produced by the immune system in response to a particular antigen.
Antigen: A foreign substance which produces an immune response within the body.
False positive: A result produced that falsely indicates a particular antigen is present.
False negative: A result produced that falsely indicates that a particular antigen is absent.
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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
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REFERENCES
**************
Koczula, K., and Gallotta, A. (2016) Lateral Flow Assays. Essays in Biochemistry, 60: 111-120. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4986465/.
Seo, K., Holt, P., Stone, H. and Gast, R. (2003). Simple and rapid methods for detecting Salmonella enteritidis in raw eggs. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87: 139-144. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12927716/.
Bishop, J., Hsieh, H., Gasperino, D., and Weigl, B. (2019). (1997). Sensitivity enhancement in lateral flow assays: a systems perspective. Lab On A Chip, 19: 2486-2499. Retrieved from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/lc/c9lc00104b#!divAbstract.
O’Farrell, B. (2008). Evolution in Lateral Flow–Based Immunoassay Systems. Nature Public Health Emergency Collection. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119943/
Collins, F. (2020). Charting a Rapid Course Toward Better COVID-19 Tests and Treatments. NIH Director’s Blog. Retrieved from: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2020/08/06/charting-a-rapid-course-toward-better-covid-19-tests-and-treatments/
Shen, A. Personal Communication (2020). Director, Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. https://groups.oist.jp/mbnu
Bivalves Could Be the New Lab RatsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Scientific Thinking course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Bivalves—animals like mussels, clams and oysters—might be a more familiar sight in a restaurant than a lab. But it turns out that studying them might help us learn more about our own health.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1750
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/model-organism-model-genetic-organism-139/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21070/
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18599
https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674%2815%2900243-3
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X1830301X
https://www.bigelow.org/news/articles/2019-01-28.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/science/contagious-cancer-clams.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02457-x
https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2017.1307948
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001457930002192X
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2016.00194/full
https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.150144
The Strange Reason Your Brain HallucinatesHallucinations explain where your consciousness comes from.
Sidenote Podcast: https://bit.ly/3drQwZV
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Your brain is a complex organ that makes you...YOU! Your consciousness is controlled by a variety of molecules and receptors in your brain which are studied while hallucinating. New research places participants in an fMRI machine to study their brains while hallucinating, it shows a decrease in the default mode network. The default mode network is a brain region that controls worrying, reason, motivation, reflecting on your past and planning your future. It is the part of the brain that builds the story of you! Your consciousness, fear of mortality, obsession with the ego starts to dissolve when you hallucinate, and your brain starts to add information and use the neurology of your brain in different ways to cope leading to a hallucination. All of this research is leading to breakthroughs in addiction therapy, end of life therapy and most importantly, a clear picture of where your consciousness comes from.
Resources/further reading:
https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(16)31749-4.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756147/
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31066-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420310667%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/cms/asset/8cce8fd9-08a5-4909-8b9a-0035d1129cb6/rsif20140873f06.jpg
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520807/
How To Change Your Mind by Michael Pollan
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/28/11/3939/4259746
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdar/2013/00000006/00000001/art00003
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215036616300657
https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/72/5/1200.short
The rise and fall of history’s first empire - Soraya Field FiorioDiscover history’s first empire: Sumer, located in Mesopotamia, which built the world’s first cities and created the first writing system.
--
History’s first empire rose out of a hot, dry landscape, without rainfall to nourish crops, without trees or stones for building. In spite of all this, its inhabitants built the world’s first cities, with monumental architecture and large populations— and they built them entirely out of mud. Soraya Field Fiorio details the rise and fall of the Sumerian empire.
Lesson by Soraya Field Fiorio, directed by Tomás Pichardo-Espaillat.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Leen Mshasha, Mariana Ortega, Danny Romard, James Bruening, Ricki Daniel Marbun, Malcolm Callis, Sabrina Gonzalez, Al the Scottish Wildcat, سلطان الخليفي, Alexander Walls, Della Palacios, Vik Nagjee, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Adi V, Andrew Bosco, Craig Sheldon, Rishi Pasham, Joanne Luce, Jason A Saslow, Mary Sawyer, Scott Gass, Ruth Fang, Mayank Kaul, Kathryn J Hammond, Max Shuai Tang, Terry Minion, Sami Khan, Rob Johnson, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Angelo Urzua-Milla, Tommy Lewis, leorene, Mahina Bachiller, Marcus Andre Nery, Bruce Vieira Lopes, Chef, Charmaine Hanson, Michael Goldberg, Lydia Pflieger, Paul Aldred-Bann, Manav parmar, Susan Wang, Utkarsh Dubey, Thawsitt, Xuebicoco, Jezabel, Maeve, Kim Humphrey and Kristen Damas.
What the Wright Brothers Should Actually Be Famous ForFor the pioneers of human aviation, one of the trickiest problems was figuring out how to steer the early craft. Then, the Wright Brothers changed everything by using bike parts and watching birds.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/16/flight-wright-brothers-gustave-whitehead-connecticut-ohio-north-carolina
https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/
https://www.nationalballoonmuseum.com/about/history-of-ballooning/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-George-Cayley
https://web.archive.org/web/20130511071413/http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/fap/OnAerialNavigationPt1.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130511041814/http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/fap/OnAerialNavigationPt2.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130511052409/http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/fap/OnAerialNavigationPt3.pdf
http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html
https://www.newscientist.com/term/first-powered-flight/
http://www.ctie.monash.edu/hargrave/stringfellow.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ader-Eole
http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/ewright.htm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-Lilienthal
https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/langley-aerodrome-a/nasm_A19180001000
https://books.google.com/books?id=924HJXFOU9wC&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=“A+bird+balanced+by+turning+the+forward+edge+of+one+wingtip+up+and+the+other+down.+The+image+of+‘an+animated+windmill’+stuck+in+Wilbur’s+mind.+‘Here,’+he+noted,+‘was+the+silent+birth+of+all+that+underlies+human+flight.’”&source=bl&ots=dwtoXbuPtT&sig=ACfU3U0l97LJ0hz9vH-4VNa2vq0KN3TsjA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4l_P_7fzqAhWQZd8KHc3iD4QQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=“A%20bird%20balanced%20by%20turning%20the%20forward%20edge%20of%20one%20wingtip%20up%20and%20the%20other%20down.%20The%20image%20of%20‘an%20animated%20windmill’%20stuck%20in%20Wilbur’s%20mind.%20‘Here%2C’%20he%20noted%2C%20‘was%20the%20silent%20birth%20of%20all%20that%20underlies%20human%20flight.’”&f=false
https://books.google.com/books?id=-jEms0WpsBoC&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=%22some+would+agree+that+they+first+turned+the+handlebar+a+little+to+the+right,+and+then+as+the+machine+inclined+to+the+left,+they+turned+the+handlebar+to+the+left+and+as+a+result+made+the+circle,+inclining+inwardly.”&source=bl&ots=TRuYC9qHq8&sig=ACfU3U14aWtpOa8ttS8Aj1GOkJdyEAZ_Uw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic78WO7vzqAhWhc98KHUjtCbQQ6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22some%20would%20agree%20that%20they%20first%20turned%20the%20handlebar%20a%20little%20to%20the%20right%2C%20and%20then%20as%20the%20machine%20inclined%20to%20the%20left%2C%20they%20turned%20the%20handlebar%20to%20the%20left%20and%20as%20a%20result%20made%20the%20circle%2C%20inclining%20inwardly.”&f=false
https://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/warp.html
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/incline.html
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/08_phak_ch6.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-flight/The-generation-and-application-of-power-the-problem-of-propulsion
https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-flight/The-generation-and-application-of-power-the-problem-of-propulsion
https://uh.edu/engines/epi254.htm
https://uh.edu/engines/epi1867.htm
https://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/propeller.html
https://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/tunnel.html
https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1901/wings.cfm
https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1901/smeaton.cfm
https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1902/perfecting.cfm
Misconceptions About DepressionWhat's the difference between depression and sadness? How do antidepressants work? And do ALL therapists wear tweed jackets?
Depression is a mental illness that affects millions of people, so let's try our best to really understand it. Time to break down some common myths and misconceptions about mental illness.
Join host Justin Dodd in an endless pursuit of the truth.
The Trans Lifeline: 1-877-565-8860
The Trevor Project (LGBTQIA+ focused): 1-866-488-7386
National suicide prevention lifeline: 1-800-273-8255
-------
Mental Floss is the home for all things curious. Subscribe here for new Mental Floss videos every Wednesday at 3pm (and don't forget the bell!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpZ5...
E/Z Alkenes, Electrophilic Addition, & Carbocations: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #14Alkenes are an important type of molecule in organic chemistry that we’re going to see a lot more of in this series. But before we can really get into the many cool reactions alkenes do, we need to go over some of the basics. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll review and build on our knowledge of alkene nomenclature, revisit our friend the carbocation, and learn Markovnikov’s Rule: an important tool that will help us predict the products of addition reactions involving alkenes.
Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.
***
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These Horrifying Sea Slugs Smell Like Watermelon CandiesThese fun looking sea slugs have a few unique features, not the least of which is the fact that they defend themselves by smelling like watermelon candies.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0042
https://doi.org/10.1080/10236249209378807
https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14178
https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012669
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01633100
https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/melibe
https://www.centralcoastbiodiversity.org/hooded-nudibranch-bull-melibe-leonina.html
Can you solve the riddle and escape Hades? - Dan FinkelPractice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd/
--
The underworld is overcrowded, and Zeus has ordered Hades to let some spirits out. Hades arranges all the souls of the dead in a line before Cerberus. When one of his three heads bites down on the soul in front of it, they’ll get returned to the land of the living. Anyone to the left must stay in Hades forever. Can you pick the right spot and escape the underworld? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio.
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Marc Bilodeau, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, paul g mohney, Maya Toll, Sebastian Regez, Bruno Hannud, Andreas Voltios, Shubham Arora, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Akinola Emmanuel, Kyanta Yap, Ricardo Rendon Cepeda, Ana Maria, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Ernest Chow, Bela Namyslik, Alan Froese, Anika Westburg, Nick Cozby, Shawar Khan, Michael Braun-Boghos, Rohan Gupta, Elizabeth Cruz, Yujing Jiang, Sarah Lundegaard, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Georg Gusewski, Rohit Lodha, Erica Zhuang, Aaron Henson, Julio Sabatés Rodríguez, Vivian & Gilbert Lee, Fahad Nasser Chowdhury, ரமணன், John simmons, June Reiling, Khalid AlAli, Mickey Mikeworth, Nathaniel Lupus, Yansong Li, Chung Wah Gnapp, Amber Alexander, Robert Patrick, Pi Guanghui, Barbara Younker, Ai Ejima, Soma Ali, Roman Pinchuk, Raheem and Hector Quintanilla.
4 Ways to End the UniverseSubscribe to my new show Overview!! ►► https://youtu.be/Lt9qYvKFumM
And remember: The universe will end, but not for a while… probably
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
I don’t want to alarm you, but the world is going to end. All of this. Gone. And scientists are certain all of this will happen. On the bright side this isn’t going to happen for 4-5 billion years. It makes me wonder: In a universe bigger than we can fathom, across eons of time, could… all of it end? Everything? The whole universe? Yes. And it probably will. Here’s how.
Special thanks to Dr. Katie Mack ►► https://twitter.com/AstroKatie
Check out Dr. Mack’s new book “The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)”: https://amzn.to/3nFydVz (Public library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124333594 )
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Ballot Design Has a Sneaky Influence on Your VoteIn elections, your vote may be influenced by design of the ballot itself, especially when you don’t have strong feelings about which candidate to elect.
Political Questions on SciShow Psych: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NYaDNK0xvM
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261379415300998
https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/62/3/291/1936633?redirectedFrom=PDF
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022946710610
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325419874427
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/butterfly-did-it-the-aberrant-vote-for-buchanan-in-palm-beach-county-florida/90253BB8ADFD43F862FCBFA4F0BF00A3
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-21800-012
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=496863
Can we create the "perfect" farm? - Brent LokenExplore the innovative ways countries are revolutionizing farming to ensure we can feed humanity in a way that works with the environment.
--
About 10,000 years ago, humans began to farm. This agricultural revolution was a turning point in our history and enabled the existence of civilization. Today, nearly 40% of our planet is farmland. Spread all over the world, these lands are the pieces to a global puzzle we’re all facing: in the future, how can we feed every member of a growing population a healthy diet? Brent Loken investigates.
Lesson by Brent Loken, directed by Hype CG.
Animator's website: https://www.hype.cg/ & https://www.luisacopetti.com/
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! JackKeyton, Matthew D. Vigil, Amin Shahril, Adriano Fontes, Xiao Yu, Fatima Kried, Aravind Battaje, Melissa Suarez, Jason Duncan, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Chhunheng Veng, Leonardo Monrroy, Sumedh Ghaisas, Guhten, Amer Harb, Dowey Baothman, Norbert Orgován, Shafeeq Ansari, Gabriel Balsa, Maryam Sultan, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Adam Foreman, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Lâm Nguyễn, Mark Byers, Bradley Heinold, Monkeypatcher, Laurence McMillan, Connor Roberts, Dmitry Neverov, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Avinash Amarnath, Eric McDaniel, Cristian Cristian, France Lipužič, EdoKun, Rare Media, Rayo, Faizan, Elizabeth Gu, Nazmul Idris, Po Foon Kwong, Siobhan O'Connor Gwozdz, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman and Josue Perez Miranda.
The Most Deadly Job in America -- And What Happens Next‣ Thank you, crowdfunders, for making this video possible: https://www.patreon.com/cgpgrey
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Grey Reads The 25th Amendment00:00 The 25th Amendment
00:02 Section 1
00:10 Section 2
00:22 Section 3
00:43 Section 4
5 Ancient Structures with Amazing AcousticsMany ancient sites had some truly amazing effects on sound waves, suggesting that early cultures may have built spaces to evoke certain sensation. And by studying the acoustics of these structures, we can learn new things about the experiences people had there, hundreds or even thousands of years in the past.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Colouring Knots - NumberphileFeaturing Professor Sylvain Cappell from NYU. Extra footage at: https://youtu.be/NV3EeagyU0Y
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Merch based on this video: https://teespring.com/numberphile-knots
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These Slugs See with Their BrainsIf you’re a person with sight, your two eyes are your only window into the visual world. But slugs sees not only with their eyes, but also with thier brains.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/56/5/758/2420636
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/222/14/jeb208595
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001140050732
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/opsin
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00618180
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643310000401
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0300962977900196
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2003.tb00081.x
https://www.pnas.org/content/113/21/6053.short
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221200944X
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2009.0050
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139915/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00369.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712437/
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/314278
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781858/
We Might Finally Be Able to Treat the "Stomach Flu" (#inmice)The treatment for viral gastroenteritis has been stay near a toilet and drink lots of fluids. But new research into cytokines has the potential to change that.
Hosted by: Hank Green
COVID-19 News and Updates: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsNB4peY6C6IQediwz2GzMTNvm_dMzr47
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abd2876
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-10/gsu-bsr092820.php
Semantics: Crash Course Linguistics #5If you want to know what a word means, all you have to do is look it up in the dictionary, right? Actually, it’s a little more complicated than that. This episode of Crash Course Linguistics is all about semantics, or the area of linguistics concerned with meaning. We’ll learn about different types of semantic relationships, and how different languages define these relationships, as well as different approaches to semantics. And we’ll discover that the humble definition may be more complicated than we think.
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
***
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Gravity is NOT a ForceThe General Theory of Relativity tells us gravity is not a force, gravitational fields don't exist. Objects tend to move on straight paths through curved spacetime. Thanks to Caséta by Lutron for sponsoring this video. Find out more at: https://www.lutron.com/veritasium
Huge thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis for hours of consulting on this video so I could get these ideas straight in my own brain. Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl or his books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks
Amazing VFX, compositing, and editing by Jonny Hyman
2D animations by Ivàn Tello
Filmed by Steven Warren and Raquel Nuno
Special thanks to Petr Lebedev for reviews and script consultation
Music by Jonny Hyman and from Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com
Rocket made by Goodnight and Co.
Screen images in rocket by Geoff Barrett
Slow motion rocket exhaust footage from Joe Barnard at BPS.Space
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Why Hardwoods Are The Softest WoodsUse the promo code "minuteearth" at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth for 26% off an annual subscription to CuriosityStream, plus access to Nebula!
Not all hardwood trees have hard wood and softwoods soft wood, because these terms denote their taxonomic ancestry, not the wood's actual hardness.
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Angiosperm: a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel.
Gymnosperm: a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit.
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REFERENCES
**************
Ansell, M. P. "Wood microstructure–A cellular composite." Wood Composites. Woodhead Publishing, 2015. 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-454-3.00001-9
Bjurhager, Ingela. Effects of Cell Wall Structure on Tensile Properties of Hardwood: Effect of down-regulation of lignin on mechanical performance of transgenic hybrid aspen. Diss. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2011. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:409533/FULLTEXT02.pdf
Botes, Christo, Steven D. Johnson, and Richard M. Cowling. "The birds and the bees: using selective exclusion to identify effective pollinators of African tree aloes." International Journal of Plant Sciences 170.2 (2009): 151-156.
Butterfield B.G. (1993) The structure of wood: an overview. In: Primary Wood Processing. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8110-3_1
Chilson-Parks, Laura. "Wood in the Middle Ages." Perspectives (2015). https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/projects-publications/articles/wood-middle-ages
Cywa, K. Trees and shrubs used in medieval Poland for making everyday objects. Veget Hist Archaeobot 27, 111–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017-0644-9
Laboratory, Forest Products. Wood Handbook: Wood As an Engineering Material. United States, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.
Meier, Eric. “Hardwood Anatomy.” The Wood Database, https://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/hardwood-anatomy/.
Plomion, Christophe, Grégoire Leprovost, and Alexia Stokes. "Wood formation in trees." Plant physiology 127.4 (2001): 1513-1523.
Ramage, Michael H., et al. "The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68 (2017): 333-359.
Simm, Jonathan, and Crossman, Matt. Manual on the Use of Timber in Coastal and River Engineering. United Kingdom, Thomas Telford, 2004.
Wei-Dan Ding , Ahmed Koubaa , et al. (2008)
Relationship between wood porosity, wood density and methyl methacrylate impregnation rate, Wood Material Science &
Engineering, 3:1-2, 62-70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480270802607947
Wiedenhoeft, Alex. "Structure and function of wood." Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material: chapter 3. Centennial ed. General technical report FPL; GTR-190. Madison, WI: US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010: p. 3.1-3.18. 190 (2010): 3-1. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr190/chapter_03.pdf
WOOD Magazine Staff. “What Is the World's Hardest Wood?” WOOD Magazine, WOOD Magazine, 17 Jan. 2019, https://www.woodmagazine.com/wood-supplies/wood-species/what-is-the-worlds-hardest-wood.
Why Scientists Are Using Mice to Make Human CellsStem cells are widely believed to hold great promise in medical research because of their ability to transform into all sorts of other cell types, and scientists can grow it in living mice.
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Sources:
https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/population-health/divisions-sections-centers/medical-ethics/sites/default/files/medical-ethics-high-school-bioethics-chimera.pdf
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14525
https://www.nature.com/articles/stemcells.2007.12#:~:text=All%20multicellular%20organisms%2C%20from%20plants,to%20several%20different%20cell%20types.
http://www.stemcellresearch.umich.edu/overview/faq.html#section2
https://futurism.com/the-byte/harvard-gene-hacked-stem-cells-living-organism
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452216303633
https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_26
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrm.2016.10/
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mouse-human-chimera-hybrid-embryos
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026212/
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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070919115955.htm
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https://www.vanderbilt.edu/viibre/CellCultureBasicsEU.pdf
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https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-014-0576-y
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026212/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30595701/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425093/
https://www.unmc.edu/stemcells/educational-resources/importance.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117
https://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2016.00022
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536728/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354121/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/3-human-chimeras-that-already-exist/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712187/
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaaz0298
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mouse-human-chimera-hybrid-embryos
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590914004068
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12122
https://www.invivogen.com/torin1
https://www.livescience.com/chimera-human-mouse.html
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/pd/2011/658083/
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_basic_biomedical_sciences/news_events/articles_and_stories/model_organisms/201010_mouse_model.html
https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/population-health/divisions-sections-centers/medical-ethics/sites/default/files/medical-ethics-high-school-bioethics-chimera.pdf
What causes panic attacks, and how can you prevent them? - Cindy J. AaronsonDig into the science of what triggers panic attacks, how to recognize them, and the available treatments for panic disorder.
--
Countless poets and writers have tried to put words to the experience of a panic attack— a sensation so overwhelming, many people mistake it for a heart attack, stroke, or other life-threatening crisis. Studies suggest that almost a third of us will experience at least one panic attack in our lives. So what exactly is a panic attack, and can we prevent them? Cindy J. Aaronson investigates.
Lesson by Cindy J. Aaronson, directed by Aim Creative Studios.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ivan Todorović, Alex Schenkman, Brittiny Elman, Ryohky Araya, Paul Coupe, David Douglass, Ricardo Paredes, Bill Feaver, Eduardo Briceño, Arturo De Leon, Christophe Dessalles, Janie Jackson, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Heather Slater, Yuh Saito, Quentin Le Menez, Mattia Veltri, Fabian Amels, Sandra Tersluisen, PnDAA, Hugo Legorreta, Zhexi Shan, Gustavo Mendoza, Bárbara Nazaré, Josh Engel, Natalia Rico, Andrea Feliz, Eysteinn Guðnason, Bernardo Paulo, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora Slydell, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Noel Situ, Elliot Poulin, emily lam, Juan, Jordan Tang, Kent Logan, Alexandra Panzer, Laura Cameron Keith, Jen, Ellen Spertus, Cailin Ramsey, Markus Goldhacker, Leora Allen, Andras Radnothy, Chris, Arpita Singh and Vijayalakshmi.
The Bizarre World of Living Color | CompilationNature is full of all kinds of beautiful color, and there is plenty of weird science there too! Here's a showcase of a few of our episodes all about coloration.
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Original Episodes:
3 of the World’s Most Intensely-Colored Living Things
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCphJi03_0A
Why Aren’t Mammals More Colorful?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyhULLXLUDw
The Horrible Reason Rollie Pollies Are Sometimes Blue
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q7jswQHM_Q
The Unique Reason Reindeer Change Their Eye Color
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzeMkfViSYY
The Delightful Mutation Behind Siamese Cats
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHC1XTF6b58
Flowers, Bees, and... Yeast? It's a Pollination Love Triangle!Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Bees and flowers are as classic a pair as peanut butter and jelly. But recent research suggests there's a third, much tinier partner in this relationship!
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Why we need national parks - Elyse CoxExplore the creation of national parks and the importance of finding a balance between public use and ecological preservation.
--
In 1903, US President Theodore Roosevelt took a camping trip in California’s Yosemite Valley with conservationist John Muir. Roosevelt famously loved the outdoors, but Muir had invited him for more than just camping: Yosemite was in danger. It was part of a struggle to set aside land for both preservation and public use. Elyse Cox details the delicate balancing act of creating a national park.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brandy Jones, Shawn Quichocho, Gi Nam Lee, Joy Love Om, Miloš Stevanović, Ghassan Alhazzaa, Yankai Liu, Pavel Zalevskiy, Claudia Mayfield, Stephanie Perozo, Joe Giamartino, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Andrés Melo Gámez, Renhe Ji, Ka-Hei Law, Michal Salman, Peter Liu, Mark Morris, Catherine Sverko, Misaki Sato, Tan YH, Ph.D., Rodrigo Carballo, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Merit Gamertsfelder, Lex Azevedo, Noa Shore, Taylor Hunter, Kyle Nguyen, MJ Tan Mingjie, Cristóbal Moenne, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Kevin Wong, Dawn Jordan, Yanira Santamaria, Prasanth Mathialagan, Savannah Scheelings, Susan Herder, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann, Siamak H, Tracey Tobkin, Dwight Tevuk, Anthony Kudolo, Mrinalini and Yanuar Ashari.
The New Era of Negative CampaignsNegative campaigns—or campaigns that work by painting opposing candidates in a negative light—have been used for decades. But today, thanks to information that can be gained from social media, these campaigns may be even more effective at influencing us than before.
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Sources:
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.071905.101448
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652533/
https://oxfordre.com/politics/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-51
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00522.x
https://theconversation.com/psychographics-the-behavioural-analysis-that-helped-cambridge-analytica-know-voters-minds-93675
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jt.2009.12
https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/role-digital-marketing-political-campaigns
https://www.pnas.org/content/110/15/5802
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051010-111659
https://theconversation.com/cambridge-analytica-scandal-legitimate-researchers-using-facebook-data-could-be-collateral-damage-93600
https://qz.com/1782348/cambridge-analytica-used-these-5-political-ads-to-target-voters/
https://apnews.com/afs:Content:9342250414
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-biden-older-facebook-ads_n_5f515dcfc5b6946f3eaf3fbe
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/30/ady-barkan-scalise-twitter-video/
The Amazonian myth of the goblins' revenge - Nathan D. HorowitzDiscover the Siekopai myth of the air goblins, spirits who fly and control the winds, as they clash with the human world.
--
Deep in the Amazon rainforest in the river Nea’ocoyá lived a school of particularly big and tasty fish. When the rains came and the water rose the fish appeared, and swam away as the waters fell. Villagers along the river followed them to a lagoon and set up camp. But their young shaman soon sensed they might not be completely alone. Nathan D. Horowitz details the Siekopai myth of the air goblins.
Lesson by Nathan D. Horowitz, directed by Yijia Cao & Mohammad Babakoohi.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Samantha Chow, Philippe Spoden, Phyllis Dubrow, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Cas Jamieson, Ophelia Gibson Best, Amber Wood, Paul Schneider, Jun Cai, Tim Robinson, Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, cnorahs, Lyn-z Schulte, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Milad Mostafavi, Аркадий Скайуокер, Kiara Taylor, Louisa Lee, eden sher, Vignan Velivela, Sage Curie, Srikote Naewchampa, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Faiza Imtiaz, Martin Stephen, Jerome Froelich, Dan Paterniti, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mullaiarasu Sundaramurthy, Elnathan Joshua Bangayan, Caleb ross, Duo Xu, Quinn Shen, Marvin Vizuett, Sid, Marylise CHAUFFETON, Karen Goepen-Wee, Sama aafghani, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Kris Siverhus, Jason Weinstein, Tony Trapuzzano and Devin Harris.
6 Delightfully Goth AnimalsWhen you see a black cat, you might think of witches and goth bands, but they're also a great example of a melanistic animal, and they're not the only ones!
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Nuclear Submarine - How to Fight FIRE or FLOODING - Smarter Every Day 244Go to http://buyraycon.com/smarter for 15% off your order. Brought to you by Raycon
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Note: The US Navy put no restrictions on me about what I should say or how I should present what I learned on this trip. Other than making sure my footage was cleared for Operational Security, I am free to say whatever I want about this experience.
Another note: The Navy did not ask me to provide a link to their website (or do anything for that matter), but I’m going to provide a link because I want smart people to become submariners. The US Navy continues to provide stability and security in ways no other organization on earth does. If you are interested to find out how you can join the Navy you can visit the website here: https://www.navy.com/
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GET SMARTER SECTION
There are tons of interesting career opportunities out there that I never knew about:
The US Navy has several options such as engineer, pilot, submariner, logistics, accountant, medical doctor, and even Public Affairs specialist. I continue to be impressed by people that I meet who spent time in the Navy. I worked with various people during the course of filming this video and they were all top notch. https://www.navy.com/
Fire onboard a submarine is a big deal:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dl1yB4KXMV4
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Intro painting by Dustin Timbrook. He sells the little pocket painting pallette you saw in the timelapse:
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These 100-Million-Year-Old Microbes Are Still Alive!Researchers have found ancient communities of microbes that have been buried deep, for a hundred million years! This discovery might be the oldest living thing on Earth, and could even expand the search for life on other planets.
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Sources:
https://www.wired.com/2006/03/250-year-old-tortoise-dies/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009254112000277?via%3Dihub
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17330-1
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190702112738.htm
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/scientists-pull-living-microbes-100-million-years-beneath-sea
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaaw4108
http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/329/204/204_.htm
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/microbes-100-million-years-old.html
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/spore.htm
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00718/full
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2514
How Neanderthals Ended Up With Human ChromosomesThis week we learned that the Neanderthal/Denisovan/Human family tree is pretty complicated, thanks to a close look into some Neanderthals' Y chromosomes.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6511/1653
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6511/1565
https://www.inverse.com/science/neanderthal-denisovan-y-chromosome-study
https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/y-chromosome-from-early-modern-humans-replaced-neanderthal-y-67963
https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)30218-1.pdf
Syntax 2 - Trees: Crash Course Linguistics #4There are many theories of syntax and different ways to represent grammatical structures, but one of the simplest is tree structure diagrams! In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll use tree structure diagrams to keep track of words and groups of words within sentences, and we’ll break down what roles different types of words and phrases play within a sentence.
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
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How Studying Elephant Seals Could Treat Heart AttacksGenerally, when you think of carbon monoxide, nothing good comes to mind. And that’s… pretty reasonable. But elephant seals show us how we might be able to use carbon monoxide as an effective therapy for heart attacks and strokes.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/217/10/1752.full.pdf
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2017/1689341/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955470X11000644?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160403200359.htm
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3228
The ONLY face cream that works! - according to scienceBeauty products are barely regulated, so let’s explain the REAL science!
Join our mailing list: https://bit.ly/34fWU27
Get Monty Lyman’s amazing book here: https://bit.ly/3cKE9Yu
Whether it’s Retinol, Retinoic Acid, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Retinyl Palmitate, serums, oils, VAMPIRE FACIALS!? There is a lot of beauty products and skin care routines that claim to keep you "looking young" and cost SO MUCH MONEY! This video will teach you how to bypass the price tag and read the ingredient lists with a scientific mind to purchase the best beauty products for you. From a biological and chemical perspective there is only one skin cream that actually works … so which one is it?
Products Mentioned:
London and Grant Collagen Moisturizer*: https://bit.ly/3ii7pa6
Bluelene Anti-Aging*: https://bit.ly/36jcexp
Pure Vitamin C10 Serum*: https://bit.ly/3l27FM4
No7 Protect & Perfect Intense Advanced Serum*: https://bit.ly/3cN1uZi
Skinceuticals Retinol Retinal Retinoic Acid 0.1% 0.3%*: https://bit.ly/2EPXrz6
Resources/further reading:
The Remarkable Life of Skin - Monty Lyman
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699641/
https://www.businessinsider.com/retinol-risks-according-to-a-doctor-2018-6
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699641/
https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=C3-5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT312&dq=retinoic+acid+wrinkles&ots=WPIvG0u8Uf&sig=f8bpmwifppikUudJ-M8jfJ_Kmg4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=retinoic%20acid%20wrinkles&f=false
https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6reqDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA341&dq=retinoic+acid+wrinkles&ots=AkXyc5Hbmn&sig=RI24GU1m6ZPeMiFQLBThwTOdTG0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=retinoic%20acid%20wrinkles&f=false
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6791161/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5136519/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26578346/
The surprising effects of pregnancyDiscover how pregnancy changes every organ in the body— from the heart, to the brain and kidneys— and what we still don’t know about it.
--
Muscles and joints shift and jostle. The heart’s pounding rhythm speeds up. Blood roars through arteries and veins. Over the course of a pregnancy, every organ in the body changes. Initiated by a range of hormones, these changes begin as soon as a pregnancy begins. Explore what we know— and don’t know— about pregnancy's effects on the body and brain.
Lesson by TED-Ed, directed by Roxane Campoy and Charlotte Cambon.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicolle Fieldsend-Roxborough, John Saveland, Jason Garcia, Robson Martinho, Martin Lau, Senjo Limbu, Joe Huang, SungGyeong Bae, Christian Kurch, Begum Tutuncu, David Matthew Ezroj, Sweetmilkcoco , Raphaël LAURENT, Joe Meyers, Farah Abdelwahab, Brian Richards, Divina Grace Dar Santos, Jessie McGuire, Abdullah Altuwaijri, Sarah Burns, Clement , Hadi Salahshour, FAWWAZ GHUWAIDI, Dino Biancolini, Reagen O'Connor, Nicu Boanda, Cindy O., Karla Brilman, Jørgen Østerpart, Sergi Páez, rakesh Katragadda, Carolyn Corwin, Charlene You, Boris Langvand, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Carsten Tobehn, Kin Lon Ma, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Eunsun Kim, Katrina Harding, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Astia Rizki Safitri, Côme Vincent, Antony Lee, Melissa Sorrells, Rakshit Kothari, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati and Simon Holst Ravn.
The Infinite Pattern That Never RepeatsSimples rules of geometry meant that 5-fold symmetry was impossible as were crystals without a periodic structure. This turns out to be wrong. Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring a portion of this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/LPs
Huge thanks to Prof. Paul Steinhardt for the interview on this topic. Check out his book ‘The Second Kind of Impossible’
If you'd like to learn more about Penrose tilings, go check out "Penrose Tiles to Trapdoor Ciphers" by Martin Gardener, which helped my research for this video.
Filmed by Gene Nagata (Potato Jet on YouTube)
Animations by Iván Tello and Jonny Hyman
Editing, Coloring, Music & Audio mastering by Jonny Hyman
Prague scenes filmed in 2012.
Special thanks to Raquel Nuno for helping with the tilings!
Additional Music from Epidemic Sound
We’re Teaching Robots and AI to Design New DrugsSeptember Pin of the Month: https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow/products/scishow-pin-of-the-month-chandra-x-ray-observatory-september
It might sound like a concept from science fiction, but artificial intelligence is already facilitating the development process behind some pharmaceuticals.
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Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21698778
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44450759?seq=1
https://blog.rasa.com/nlp-vs-nlu-whats-the-difference/
https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ai-cancer-drugs-berg-pharma-startup
https://www.berghealth.com/research/healthcare-professionals/pipeline/bpm31510/
https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/78/13_Supplement/3530
https://exscientia.cdn.prismic.io/exscientia/af0c7de4-e2ed-4526-b2a3-a26735ea8bf5_Press+release_30012020_E.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00322/full
http://www.iptonline.com/articles/public/IPTFIVE12NP.pdf
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2472555216683650
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2211068211435302
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4400117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269696/
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/34617313.pdf
https://phys.org/news/2020-07-robot-scientist-catalyst.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05267-x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC363670/
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/new-drugs-fda-cders-new-molecular-entities-and-new-therapeutic-biological-products/novel-drug-approvals-2019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5221712
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-019-00074-z
https://www.britannica.com/technology/pharmaceutical-industry/Drug-discovery-and-development
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2762311
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51315462
https://blog.benchsci.com/startups-using-artificial-intelligence-in-drug-discovery
https://www.future-science.com/doi/10.4155/fdd-2019-0025
https://blog.benchsci.com/6-things-we-learned-about-artificial-intelligence-in-drug-discovery-from-330-scientists
https://www.ddw-online.com/informatics/p323284-how-artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-drug-design.html
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Nature’s Secret Weapon Against Microbes: Squid SkinThere's a compound found in squid skin that they use to change color and protect their cells, but it could also help us fight some of the most common disease-causing microbes out there.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://www.jmbfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jmbfs_ACBXX_Chan-Higuera.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12441
http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2721/en
https://ifst.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijfs.14067
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/2/265
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cephalopod-camouflage-cells-and-organs-of-the-144048968/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.201500356
https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/how-octopuses-and-squids-change-color
https://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/reports/s/mba_seafoodwatch_jumbosquidmexicoreport.pdf
The problem with the U.S. bail system - Camilo RamirezExplore the U.S. bail system’s reliance on cash bail and how it disproportionately hurts people in low-income communities and communities of color.
--
Since 2000, the annual number of people convicted of crimes in the United States has stayed steady, but the average number of people in jail each year has shot up. How can that be? The answer lies in the bail system— which isn’t doing what it was intended to do. Camilo Ramirez details how the cash bail system disproportionally hurts people in low-income communities and communities of color.
Lesson by Camilo Ramirez, directed Patrick Smith.
Animator's website: http://www.blendfilms.com
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brighteagle, Beatriz Inácio, Mighterbump, Pamela Harrison, Maija Chapman, Liana Switzer, Curtis Light, The Brock, Dianne Palomar, Edgar Campos Barrachina, Maria Lerchbaumer, Ever Granada, Marin Kovachev, Ravi S. Rāmphal, Penelope Misquitta, Tekin Gültekin, Jhuval, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Vaibhav Mirjolkar, Thomas Bahrman, Allan Hayes, Aidan Forero, Uday Kishore, Mikhail Shkirev, Devesh Kumar, Sunny Patel, Anuj Tomar, Lowell Fleming, David Petrovič, Hoai Nam Tran, Stina Boberg, Alexandrina Danifeld, Kack-Kyun Kim, Travis Wehrman, haventfiguredout, Caitlin de Falco, Ken, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Elena Crescia, Thomas Mungavan, Alejandro Cachoua, Jaron Blackburn, Yoga Trapeze Wanderlust, Sandy Nasser and Venkat Venkatakrishnan.
How the Ocean Floor Got Filled with RichesGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Knowledge and Uncertainty course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Deep below the surface, the ocean floor is full of riches. There’s gold, iron, and lots of other rare, precious metals. What kind of geochemical processes can leave loot all over the seafloor?
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Sources:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418/full
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/mid-ocean-ridge.html
https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-resources/seafloor-mining/
https://www.unrv.com/economy/copper.php
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70203448
http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad69.htm
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/global-ocean-mineral-resources?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1075701506020036
https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-020-0027-0
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1504/background/crusts/welcome.html
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/global-ocean-mineral-resources?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-3/mineral-resources/manganese-nodules/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es504930v
https://divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/
https://web.archive.org/web/20200425171236/https:/www.isa.org.jm/mineral-resources/55
https://www.isa.org.jm/frequently-asked-questions-faqs
Performing brain surgery without a scalpel - Hyunsoo Joshua NoDig into the science of radiosurgery: a procedure that uses light beams of radiation to target tumors, without making a single incision.
--
Every year, tens of thousands of people have brain surgery without a single incision: there’s no scalpel, no operating table, and the patient loses no blood. Instead, this procedure uses a machine that emits invisible beams of light at a precise target inside the brain. So how exactly does this treatment work? And what does it do to the tumors it targets? Hyunsoo No explains radiosurgery.
Lesson by Hyunsoo Joshua No, directed by Hype CG.
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7 Animals That Can't Be TrustedAlmost every human has told a lie at some point or another - but did you know that we are not the only species to do this? From dogs to cuttlefish to thornbills, these 7 animals also lie!
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----------
Sources:
Mourning Cuttlefish
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0435
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00845
https://doi.org/10.1101/226191
https://doi.org/10.1038/433212a
Dogs
https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12603
Split-thumb mantis shrimp
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.221.4610.558
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80382-3
https://doi.org/10.2307/1939236
Eastern gray squirrels
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.026
Milkweed tiger moths
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703627104
Brown thornbills
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0798
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3392
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-009-0617-7
Primates
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0699
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2468
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0544
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29755181/
https://doi.org/10.2307/2803931
Navy SEAL Astronauts - Smarter Every Day 243Get 1st Audiobook + access to monthly selection of Audible Originals for free when you try Audible for 30 days https://www.audible.com/smarter or TXT smarter to 500500
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⇊ Click below for more links! ⇊
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
GET SMARTER SECTION
Bill Shepherd
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shepherd
Chris Cassidy
https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/christopher-j-cassidy/biography
Jonny Kim Bio
https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/jonny-kim/biography
Learn More about the Navy Seals
https://www.sealswcc.com/
Learn about the US Navy
https://www.navy.mil/
I visited the Navy Seal - UDT Museum in Ft. Pierce Florida
(Not Officially Affiliated with the US Navy)
https://www.navysealmuseum.org/
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The Truth About Dog Years (Your Pupper Is Older Than You Think!)Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Math History course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
You might have heard that one year in a dog’s life is equivalent to seven in a human’s. But it turns out that the real ratio is both higher AND lower—depending on your dog’s current age.
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/69084
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.00
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11333864/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31767039/
What You Need to Know About Wildfire Smoke | SciShow NewsSeeing as nasty wildfire seasons are becoming our new normal, let’s talk about smoke: what it is, what it does to us, and what you can do to protect yourself from it.
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SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305744
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18469117/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138506
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000552
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.086
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.022
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060960
Government resources:
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2912/satellite-data-record-shows-climate-changes-impact-on-fires/
https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/
https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/how-smoke-fires-can-affect-your-health
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/wildfires/smoke.html
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/covid-19/wildfire_smoke_covid-19.html
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/inhalable-particulate-matter-and-health
http://www.bccdc.ca/health-professionals/professional-resources/wildfire-smoke-response-planning
Syntax 1 - Morphosyntax: Crash Course Linguistics #3Grammar sometimes gets a bad reputation, but we're actually doing grammar all the time! And we're pretty good at it! In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we'll begin our discussion of syntax by learning how we can take words and morphemes and turn them into sentences, questions, stories, and even videos like this!
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
Acknowledgements: Ian Woolford, Jill Vaughan, Gabrielle Hodge
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