What Makes Fruit Mealy?Did you ever have a delicious looking apple in your hands and bite in only to find it all grainy and sad? It's not the fruit's fault, and there might be something you can do about it!
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Vultures: the acid-puking, plague-busting heroes of the ecosystem - Kenny CooganExplore the essential role vultures play in cleaning our ecosystems and why their conservation is key to a healthy planet.
--
In the African grasslands, a gazelle suffering from tuberculosis takes its last breath. The animal’s corpse threatens to infect the water, but for the vulture, this isn’t a problem: it’s a feast. With a stomach of steel that can digest diseased meat and waste, vultures are essential to removing dangerous pathogens from ecosystems. Kenny Coogan explores the importance of the desert’s cleanup crew.
Lesson by Kenny Coogan, directed by Mali Mamut.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Paul Aldred-Bann, Manav parmar, Susan Wang, Utkarsh Dubey, Thawsitt, Xuebicoco, Jezabel, Maeve, Kim Humphrey, Kristen Damas, JackKeyton, Matthew D. Vigil, Amin Shahril, Adriano Fontes, Xiao Yu, Fatima Kried, Aravind Battaje, Melissa Suarez, Jason Duncan, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Chhunheng Veng, Leonardo Monrroy, Sumedh Ghaisas, Guhten, Amer Harb, Dowey Baothman, Norbert Orgován, Shafeeq Ansari, Gabriel Balsa, Maryam Sultan, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Adam Foreman, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Lâm Nguyễn, Mark Byers, Bradley Heinold, Monkeypatcher, Laurence McMillan, Connor Roberts, Dmitry Neverov, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Avinash Amarnath, Eric McDaniel, Cristian Cristian, France Lipužič and EdoKun.
6 Microbes Saving the EnvironmentGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Computational Biology course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Ever since humans found out about germs, we’ve gone a bit overboard inventing antibacterial soap and antibiotics and antifungals. But despite our aversion to them, microbes aren’t all bad, and some of them could even help us save the environment!
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Sources:
https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/67196/8/02main.pdf
https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/forestsaustralia/profiles/eucalypt-2019
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/07/scientists-sequenced-the-koala-genome-to-save-them/
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fecal-transplants-might-help-make-koalas-less-picky-eaters
https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news/koala-poo-chlamydia-and-microbiome-biophysics-graduate-student-katherine-dahlhausen
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049158.2017.1365402
https://www.sciencealert.com/this-is-the-deadliest-disease-in-human-history
https://www.audubon.org/news/how-malaria-hurts-birds
https://mauiinvasive.org/2016/03/18/no-mosquitoes-in-hawaii/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56766-4
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040664/
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https://esemag.com/water/how-to-effectively-control-zebra-mussels/
http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/zebramussels_threaten
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022201113000025
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/15/1438000/0/en/Marrone-Bio-Innovations-Announces-Zequanox-Distribution-Partnership.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18335251
https://e360.yale.edu/features/research_on_microbes_points_to_new_tools_for_conservation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22422126-treatment-of-amphibians-infected-with-chytrid-fungus-learning-from-failed-trials-with-itraconazole-antimicrobial-peptides-bacteria-and-heat-therapy/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19717627-the-bacterially-produced-metabolite-violacein-is-associated-with-survival-of-amphibians-infected-with-a-lethal-fungus/
http://broncoscholar.library.cpp.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/196524/DeLeonMarina_Thesis2017.pdf?sequence=1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139739/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764517305436
https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-018-0323-6
http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/cruises/biolincs/nitrogen.htm
https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/can-great-barrier-reef-survive-climate-change/
https://www.washington.edu/news/2017/08/14/probiotics-help-poplar-trees-clean-up-toxins-in-superfund-sites/
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/superfund/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b01504
https://www.hyperbiotics.com/blogs/recent-articles/probiotics-vs-pollution-how-bacteria-help-trees-clean-the-environment
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318668310_Enhanced_Degradation_of_TCE_on_a_Superfund_Site_Using_Endophyte-Assisted_Poplar_Tree_Phytoremediation
The 17-Klein Bottle - Numberphile17 Klein Bottles become 1 - featuring Cliff Stoll and the glasswork of Lucas Clarke.
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Dinosaurs Probably Weren't Cold-Blooded, According to EggshellsScientists can find answers in some pretty unusual places, and recently they found some evidence that dinosaurs weren't cold-blooded by looking at... eggshells?
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The ONLY 3 Learning Hacks That Work - Science Proven TechniquesThe study hacks that everyone should know! Thanks to Bill and Melinda Gates for partnering with us! Check out the 2020 letter here: http://www.inflcr.co/SH1ju
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Sources:
"Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World" By David Epstein
https://www.amazon.com/Range-Generalists-Triumph-Specialized-World/dp/0735214484
What Animal Dominates Earth?There is a group of animals with more species than any other group, but Earth has such an astonishing variety of life that figuring out which group dominates is tricky.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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----------
Sources:
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/side_O_0/beetles_01
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247604513_Practical_Approaches_to_the_Estimation_of_the_Extent_of_Biodiversity_in_Speciose_Groups [PDF]
http://theconversation.com/how-many-species-on-earth-why-thats-a-simple-question-but-hard-to-answer-114909
http://people.uncw.edu/rotenbergj/Class%20Documents/430/Tropical%20Forests_Their%20Richness%20in%20Coleoptera%20and%20Other%20Arthropod%20Species.pdf
https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12898-018-0176-x
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/parasitic-wasps-dominate-the-animal-kingdom/557348/
https://bdj.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=21715
https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4402.1.3
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262866222_The_Neglect_of_Parasitic_Hymenoptera_in_Insect_Conservation_Strategies_The_British_Fauna_as_a_Prime_Example [PDF]
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/004030BB0D4456C23BBF5A886F826DAD/S0031182014000791a.pdf/evolution_of_parasitism_in_nematoda.pdf [PDF]
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=parasitologyfacpubs [PDF]
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556407/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324039525_Comprehensive_inventory_of_true_flies_Diptera_at_a_tropical_site [PDF]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280927917_Biodiversity_of_Diptera
----------
Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin%27s_beetle_box_-_1.jpg
https://www.scienceimage.csiro.au/image/2818
Spells, threats, and dragons: The secret messages of Viking runestones - Jesse ByockLearn the history of Viking runes, the ancient Norse language of symbols that make up an alphabet called the futhark.
--
With their navigational skills and advanced longships, the Vikings sustained their seafaring for over 300 years. But for all their might, they left few monuments. Instead, fragments of stone, bark and bone found in the sites of ancient settlements provide the keys to their culture. Many of these objects are inscribed with Old Norse written in runic letters. Jesse Byock explores the ancient language.
Lesson by Jesse Byock, directed by Lisa LaBracio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chung Wah Gnapp, Amber Alexander, Robert Patrick, Pi Guanghui, Barbara Younker, Ai Ejima, Soma Ali, Roman Pinchuk, Raheem, Hector Quintanilla, Leen Mshasha, Mariana Ortega, Danny Romard, James Bruening, Ricki Daniel Marbun, Malcolm Callis, Sabrina Gonzalez, Al the Scottish Wildcat, سلطان الخليفي, Alexander Walls, Della Palacios, Vik Nagjee, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Adi V, Andrew Bosco, Craig Sheldon, Rishi Pasham, Joanne Luce, Jason A Saslow, Mary Sawyer, Scott Gass, Ruth Fang, Mayank Kaul, Kathryn J Hammond, Max Shuai Tang, Terry Minion, Sami Khan, Rob Johnson, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Angelo Urzua-Milla, Tommy Lewis, leorene, Mahina Bachiller, Marcus Andre Nery, Bruce Vieira Lopes, Chef, Charmaine Hanson, Michael Goldberg and Lydia Pflieger.
Strings and Loops within Pi - NumberphileTom Crawford from Oxford University looks at self-locating strings and interesting loops.
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The Tree of Life Is Messed UpTaxonomy is a powerful tool, and one that modern biology wouldn't be able to function without. But trying to shoehorn the messy, complicated web of interrelationships that is biology into neat boxes has resulted in a pretty messy tree of life.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1/phyly.html
Irie et al 2018 https://zoologicalletters.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40851-018-0114-y
Komarek and Beutel 2007 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229077116_Problems_in_taxonomy_and_suggestions_for_a_standardized_description_of_new_insect_taxa
Satoh et al 2014 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211455/
Padial et al 2010 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-7-16
de Queiroz 2012 http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/images/5/55/2012DeQueiroz.pdf
https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Report-National-Taxonomic-Collections-in-New-Zealand-2015.pdf
https://www.cbd.int/gti/importance.shtml
https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/61/12/942/390232
https://phys.org/news/2017-08-biodiversity-earth.html
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30303-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982216303037%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
https://www.britannica.com/animal/turtle-reptile/Origin-and-evolution
https://www.britannica.com/animal/dinosaur
https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3025.1.5
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6215/1254449
23 Weird Laws You Might Have BrokenWeird laws can place restrictions on your game of beach bingo and dictate how you can (and can’t) handle salmon. The silly laws and unbelievable ordinances in this episode of The List Show will have you asking yourself, “Am I a hardened criminal?”
Erin (@erincmccarthy) discusses 23 Weird Laws You Might Have Broken. For more crazy laws check out our old video featuring John Green, 50 Weird Laws: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-e4gS7fKbXk
Genteel fans of the Red Sox and/or fried chicken will want to watch. You’ll learn why it’s illegal to have upholstered furniture on the porch of a home near the University of Colorado Boulder and which state has a law against eavesdropping.
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Can Supercrops Feed 10 BILLION People?Thanks to Bill and Melinda Gates for sponsoring today's video. Check out their Annual Letter here: http://www.inflcr.co/SH1jP
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If you tried to sum up the last 150 years or so in one image, a chart of exponential growth would be a good place to start. It shows that some things change faster over time. You could apply it to life expectancy. Or compound interest. Or any number of things. But especially population growth. Back in 1798 a guy named Thomas Malthus noticed that not everything grows this way. And this caused people to worry, because they were sure it would lead to massive death and starvation and famine. But that didn’t happen, thanks to something called the Green Revolution and a guy named Norman Borlaug. As we face a future population of ten billion and a world impacted by climate change, how will we do a Green Revolution 2.0? #GatesPartner
Do Fish Dream?It’s easy to look at a sleeping dog’s leg twitching and imagine that it’s having a wonderful rabbit-chasing dream. But can animals with brains that are very different from ours have dreams?
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
Main paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1336-7.epdf?referrer_access_token=TxDrtALPDcNJn5nA569bc9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0P5iadBs1s4YB5Nx_QJfuD9j6sNPali1XfkDIkaOdEnhD4WmL7_L9EK3Xl8n-KA0SlK9YDW6Fu7_f1LsH_MUKQhgaeFhB1QWX8bJqDJ0meMGs2EXlbwPcUoamBI5RmfGHxAEKeLud-x_Tys2xAN1hUcjzPqf9jBVD_lj5MLtBMRzTnyoy2SXrmmHDZ6h_SGgPE%3D&tracking_referrer=www.pbs.org
Other sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/203958
https://www.livescience.com/53743-dog-dreams.html
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/dreams-what-do-they-mean/583216/
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/science/what/sleep-patterns-rem-nrem
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8884?con=&dom=pscau&src=syndication
Pieron, H. Le Probleme Physiologique su Sommeil (Masson, 1913).
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050277#s3
http://proberlab.caltech.edu/documents/4-campbell-tobler-1984-1.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777791/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/zebrafish-sleep/
How do blood transfusions work? - Bill SchuttDive into the history of the life-saving procedure of blood transfusions and how it has evolved since the 17th century.
--
In 1881, doctor William Halsted rushed to help his sister Minnie, who was hemorrhaging after childbirth. He quickly inserted a needle into his arm, withdrew his own blood, and transferred it to her. After a few uncertain minutes, she began to recover. What made this blood transfusion successful? Bill Schutt explains the history of the life-saving procedure.
Lesson by Bill Schutt, directed Hype CG.
Animator's website: https://www.luisacopetti.com/
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The Most Incredible Snowfall on Earth Occurs Deep UnderwaterThanks to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and Monterey Bay Aquarium for partnering with us on this episode of SciShow. All of the amazing deep-sea video you are about to see was taken with MBARI's remotely operated vehicles! Head to http://mbari.org to learn more about their mission and latest research.
Deep in the ocean, fluffy bits of organic matter fall like snow. But this marine snow isn’t just pretty; it’s an essential part of our ocean food webs and our global climate!
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How Many Holes Does a Human Have?Now you're thinking: https://www.curiositybox.com/
https://twitter.com/tweetsauce
https://www.instagram.com/electricpants
Special thanks to @Chubbyemu and Evelyn Lamb (https://twitter.com/evelynjlamb) for answering my questions about the body and holes, respectively.
An article from Evelyn about holes: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-holes/
Coffee mug + doughnut sculptures and video from @Henry Segerman :
VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NlqYr6-TpA
BUY: https://www.shapeways.com/product/6CJQ9GXWW/topology-joke?li=shareProduct&&
3D visual effects: Eric Langlay
Toilet scene effects: me and Jake Roper and Eric Langlay
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5 of the Best Measurements In ScienceProving something right isn’t just about quantity. It’s also about quality and over the years, scientists have made measurements proving that we understand ridiculously well how the universe works.
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Sources:
Electric Charge
https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.7.1224
http://faculty.washington.edu/trawets/vc/theory/dna/index.html
Tentacles Akimbo (with Cliff Stoll) - NumberphileCliff Stoll and glass-blown topology - interview continues at https://youtu.be/Iv71QEId4ck --- We're uploading Cliff videos like this for the next three Sundays. (with other stuff during the week!)
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Scientists May Have Found a Way to Treat All Cancers... By Accident | SciShow NewsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
A universal cure for cancer would be a truly historic achievement in medicine, and it seems that scientists may have found it... by accident.
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Russian Revolution and Civil War: Crash Course European History #35World War I was very hard on the Russian Empire. So hard, in fact, that it led to the end of the Russian Empire. As the global conflict ground on, Tsar Nicholas II faced increasing unrest at home. Today we'll learn about the Revolutions of 1917, the rise of Lenin, Trotsky, and the Bolsheviks, and the Reussian Civil War and the creation of the Soviet Union.
Sources
-Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, and Civil War, 1914-1922. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
-Kivelson, Valerie A. and Ronald Grigor Suny. Russia’s Empires. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Sanborn, Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World since 1900. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.
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#crashcourse #history #russianrevolution
Endometriosis: When Uterine Tissue Goes RogueWhile period cramps are never fun, they can actually be debilitating for those with endometriosis - a disease where rogue uterine tissue turns up in places that it doesn’t belong. Like in other areas of the pelvis… or even in the lungs or the brain.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://www.yourperiod.ca/normal-periods/symptoms-of-menstruation/
https://qz.com/611774/period-pain-can-be-as-bad-as-a-heart-attack-so-why-arent-we-researching-how-to-treat-it/
https://cgr.mit.edu/ (including speaking to the scientific director Professor Linda Griffith)
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3559727
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4116267/
https://medlineplus.gov/endometriosis.html
https://srh.bmj.com/content/41/3/225 (on lived experiences)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16406281
https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/fulltext/S1043-2760(18)30114-0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3624650/
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/no-good-options-fighting-diagnostic-treatment-challenges-women-endometriosis/
https://obgyn.msu.edu/research/research-faculty/fazleabas-asgi-t-phd
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052567/
https://www.endofound.org/sampsons-theory-of-retrograde-menstruation
https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/estrogen
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789082/
https://www.britannica.com/science/menstruation
The legend of Annapurna, Hindu goddess of nourishment - Antara Raychaudhuri & Iseult GillespieFollow the legend of Parvati, the Hindu mother of the natural world, as she disappears from Earth and reemerges as Annapurna, the goddess of food.
--
Historically, the union between Shiva and Parvati was a glorious one: a sacred combination which brought fertility and connection to all living things. Yet a rift had grown between these two forces. Setting out to prove the importance of her work, Parvati withdrew from the world and sent the Earth into darkness. Antara Raychaudhuri and Iseult Gillespie tell the story of the goddess Annapurna.
Lesson by Antara Raychaudhuri and Iseult Gillespie, directed by Roxane Campoy.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Marylise CHAUFFETON, Karen Goepen-Wee, Sama aafghani, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Kris Siverhus, Jason Weinstein, Tony Trapuzzano, Devin Harris, Brandy Jones, Shawn Quichocho, Gi Nam Lee, Joy Love Om, Miloš Stevanović, Ghassan Alhazzaa, Yankai Liu, Pavel Zalevskiy, Claudia Mayfield, Stephanie Perozo, Joe Giamartino, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Andrés Melo Gámez, Renhe Ji, Ka-Hei Law, Michal Salman, Peter Liu, Mark Morris, Catherine Sverko, Misaki Sato, Tan YH, Ph.D., Rodrigo Carballo, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Merit Gamertsfelder, Lex Azevedo, Noa Shore, Taylor Hunter, Kyle Nguyen, MJ Tan Mingjie, Cristóbal Moenne, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Kevin Wong, Dawn Jordan, Yanira Santamaria, Prasanth Mathialagan and Savannah Scheelings.
It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's... Oh Yep That's a PlaneOur modern skies are filled with these flying tubes as they shuttle hundreds of thousands of people around the world every day, but even more impressive than their numbers is the science and engineering that makes airplanes work.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cP-14eO7kw
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obpdeNWI4BM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGefMLHJBKA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoetqEJafy0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqirlIJmYB0
How This River Made Chimps ViolentGo to https://NordVPN.com/minuteearth and use code MINUTEEARTH to get 70% off a 3 year plan plus 1 additional month free.
When a group of apes got split apart, slight differences in their new environments led to big differences in future generations.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Chimpanzee: A great ape native to tropical Africa that is one of humanity’s closest living relatives.
Bonobo: A slightly smaller great ape native to tropical Africa that is one of humanity’s closest living relatives.
Speciation: A lineage-splitting event in which a population of the same species becomes two different species.
Allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when populations of the same species get isolated geographically.
Hominini: The taxonomical classification that includes humans, chimps, and bonobos.
Pan: The taxonomical classification that includes chimps and bonobos.
Chimpobo: A name we just made up to identify the common ancestor of the chimpanzee and bonobo.
Congo river: The deepest river in the world and the second largest (behind the Amazon) in discharge volume.
G-G Rubbing: A form of genital to genital contact bonobos sometimes use to form social bonds.
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References:
Caswell, J., Mallick, S., Richter, D., Neubauer, J., Schirmer, C., Gnerre, S., Reich, D. (2008). Analysis of Chimpanzee History Based on Genome Sequence Alignments. PLoS Genetics. 4(4): e1000057. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057.
Takemoto H, Kawamoto Y, Furuichi T. (2015). How Did Bonobos Come to Range South of the Congo River? Reconsideration of the Divergence of Pan paniscus from Other Pan Populations. Evolutionary Anthropology. 24:170–184. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26478139.
Prufer, K. et al (2012). The Bonobo Genome Compared with the Chimpanzee and Human Genomes. Nature. 486: 527–531. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11128.
Hey, J. (2010). The Divergence of Chimpanzee Species and Subspecies as Revealed in Multipopulation Isolation-with-Migration Analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27(4): 921-933. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877540/.
Takemoto H, Kawamoto Y, Furuichi T. (2015). How Did Bonobos Come to Range South of the Congo River? Reconsideration of the Divergence of Pan paniscus from Other Pan Populations. Evolutionary Anthropology. 24:170–184. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26478139.
Stanford, C. (2019). Personal Communication. Professor of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, University of Southern California.
How to Milk a CockroachCow, almond, soy, goat. There are a lot of choices when it comes to milk, but if you're looking for that nutritious boost of vitamins and minerals in the morning, have you considered cockroach milk
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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3 Ways Trees Can Save the Climate (With Our Help)SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
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Can trees really save us from climate change? For eons, nature has relied on photosynthesis as a big way to keep carbon dioxide levels from getting out of control. But as we have put more carbon into the air, we’ve also cut down many of the forests we need to suck that carbon up. So big tree-planting initiatives like #TeamTrees to the rescue, right? Actually, we need to think bigger. Here’s three ways trees really can help us solve climate change, from a guy who wants to plant a TRILLION trees, to how we might save the forests we’ve got, to scientists hacking biology to make trees even better.
Aspect Science: Team Trees Explained https://youtu.be/SLHCA-hHx4Y
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One of the most epic engineering feats in history - Alex GendlerDig into the history of the construction of the iconic Brooklyn Bridge and how John Roebling designed a hybrid suspension system to build it.
--
In the mid-19th century, suspension bridges were collapsing all across Europe. Their industrial cables frayed and snapped under the weight of their decks. So when German American engineer John Roebling proposed building the largest and most expensive suspension bridge ever conceived, New York City officials were understandably skeptical. Alex Gendler details the building of the iconic Brooklyn Bridge.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by Jeremiah Dickey.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Susan Herder, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann, Siamak H, Tracey Tobkin, Dwight Tevuk, Anthony Kudolo, Mrinalini, Yanuar Ashari, Ivan Todorović, Alex Schenkman, Brittiny Elman, Ryohky Araya, Paul Coupe, David Douglass, Ricardo Paredes, Bill Feaver, Eduardo Briceño, Arturo De Leon, Christophe Dessalles, Janie Jackson, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Heather Slater, Yuh Saito, Quentin Le Menez, Mattia Veltri, Fabian Amels, Sandra Tersluisen, PnDAA, Hugo Legorreta, Zhexi Shan, Gustavo Mendoza, Bárbara Nazaré, Josh Engel, Natalia Rico, Andrea Feliz, Eysteinn Guðnason, Bernardo Paulo, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora Slydell, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Noel Situ, Elliot Poulin, emily lam, Juan, Jordan Tang, Kent Logan and Alexandra Panzer
The Only Water on Earth Without LifeWhen it comes to water on Earth, life finds a way. Even in the hottest, most acidic, and saltiest waters in the world, odds are you'll find some kind of organism adapted to live in it. There is, however, a place with water so extremely inhospitable that no native life has ever been found there.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/f-sf-sfa112219.php
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1005-0#Sec1
https://twitter.com/BelillaJodie/status/1137305837469409280
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9507-life-finds-a-way-in-the-driest-desert-on-earth/, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00993/full, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35051-w
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00780/full,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1021-0?proof=trueHere
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170803-in-earths-hottest-place-life-has-been-found-in-pure-acid
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/cp/c4cp04564e#!divAbstract
http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/kosmotropes_chaotropes.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16152629
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2018.1926#s013
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs002030050649.pdf
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_336.pdf)
http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_activity.html
The accident that changed the world - Allison Ramsey and Mary StaicuLearn how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, and how the antibiotic has changed medicine and the treatment of infections.
--
In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab and found something unexpected: a colony of mold growing on a Petri dish he’d forgotten to place in his incubator. And around this colony of mold was a zone completely and surprisingly clear of bacteria. What was this mysterious phenomenon? Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu detail the discovery of penicillin and how it transformed medicine.
Lesson by Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu, directed by WOW-HOW Studio.
Animator's website: https://wow-how.com/
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Beyond Identical or Fraternal: 6 Rare Types of TwinsTwins can be a lot more complicated than just identical or fraternal, and the rarer types of twins suggest that we have a lot more to learn about human development.
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Pentagons and the Golden Ratio - NumberphileContinuing on from Zvezda's previous video about Ptolemey's Theorem (see: https://youtu.be/bJOuzqu3MUQ) now we use it to prove some cool stuff with pentagons and equilateral triangles.
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A Miraculous Proof (Ptolemy's Theorem) - NumberphileFeaturing Zvezdelina Stankova... Want more?
Part 2 (bringing in Pentagons and the Golden Ratio) is at: https://youtu.be/o3QBgkQi_HA
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Chemical Earmuffs: The Future of Hearing Protection? | SciShow NewsA group of scientists this week has found a chemical trick that might one day help block the harmful effects of loud noises on our ears, and another has built an underwater robot to take a look underneath Thwaites glacier.
Check out Tigli the Arctic Fox on Animal Wonders: https://youtu.be/tyK21xUnGrk
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Sources:
https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2020-02/uoi-ec013020.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167368
https://schmidt.eas.gatech.edu/2019-field/firstlookunderthwaitesglacier/
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/underwater-robot-reveals-hidden-base-antarctica-s-doomsday-glacier
http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glaciers-and-climate/ice-ocean-interactions/grounding-lines/
Your Head Might Be On SidewaysIn your brain the right side controls the left half of your body and vice versa. We still aren't sure why this is, but some scientists have come up with a pretty bizarre explanation: that some ancient vertebrate ancestor was born with its brain on backwards. Or, at least on sideways.
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Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-VAxGJdJeQ
https://brill.com/view/journals/ab/62/2/article-p193_7.xml
https://peerj.com/articles/7096/
https://uni-muenster.sciebo.de/s/gRWiOLR9IAzAaAT
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15664541
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fe2d/36ddc63af9f26aa22ec1bbce115f7aa35387.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5406925/
http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-07-03.html
http://pom.bbaw.de/cmg/cmgi41u.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31473669
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1011
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fneu0000163
https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ar.20731
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931149
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/diversity-of-nervous-systems/
https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(13)01178-1
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/114123
https://www.embl.de/digitalembryo/fish.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=im9XuJJXylw
-------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/two-colors-of-my-personality-gm1163999285-319809415
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/3d-brain-illustration-with-left-and-right-function-concept-gm1131701233-299744189
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jksdjxxc
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haikouichthys_3d.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CajalChiasmTheory.png
https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/8591484615/
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/nervous-system-gm155276185-18719294
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/dna-helix-in-close-up-htvthnpgzjbex8llw
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/zebrafish-embryo-gm481111306-69155535
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/baby-girl-smiling-gm535971531-57687522
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/2mova-beautiful-elderly-couple-giving-a-kiss-full-of-love-under-a-shower-of-confetti-in-slow-motion-hdglxyoginc0cx01
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/active-retired-old-men-and-leisure-two-senior-black-brothers-talking-and-hugging-in-park-sequence-xt7sbbq
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/little-curly-boy-coming-to-mothers-opened-embrace-ru8q2mmnlj0ogmod1
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/photo-manipulation-head-face-backwards-gm621922404-108760857
Everything changed when the fire crystal got stolen - Alex GendlerThis riddle was created in partnership with Brilliant. Practice more problem solving here: https://brilliant.org/TedEd/
--
Someone has tripped the magical alarms in the Element Temple. When you and the other monks arrive on the scene, you know you have a disaster on your hands. Four young apprentices broke into the temple’s inner chamber to steal the sacred element crystals. But when the alarm went off they panicked, and each of them swallowed a crystal. Can you determine who ate which crystal? Alex Gendler shows how.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by Artrake Studio.
This riddle is adapted from a puzzle that originally appeared in Puzzles for Pleasure, by E.R. Emmet.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Derek Drescher, Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Amin Shahril, Mohamed Elsayed, Barthélémy Michalon, Chumi Ogbonna, Karlee Finch, Mohammad Said, jj5252, Kelvin Lam, Mauricio Basso, Athena Grace Franco, Tirath Singh Pandher, Melvin Williams, Tsz Hin Edmund Chan, Nicolas Silva, Raymond Lee, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Abdallah Absi, Dee Wei, Richard A Berkley, Tim Armstrong, Daniel Nester, Hashem Al, denison martins fernandes, Doug Henry, Arlene Spiegelman, Michał Friedrich, Joshua Wasniewski, Maryam Dadkhah, Kristiyan Bonev, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Emilia Alvarado, Jaime Arriola, Mirzat Tulafu, Lewis Westbury, Felipe Hoff, Rebecca Reineke, Cyrus Garay, Victoria Veretilo, Michael Aquilina, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Valeria Sloan Vasquez, Mike Azarkman and Yvette Mocete.
Noise Pollution Is a Bigger Deal Than You'd ThinkHumans make a lot of noise! Transportation, industries, & how we work and play in natural spaces all have an impact on the sound we put out every day, and all this noise pollution is disrupting how animals use sound to communicate.
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25 Weird Old Predictions For The 21st CenturyPredictions from the past for how we’d live today run the gamut from the outrageously far-fetched to the eerily accurate. In this episode of The List Show, Erin (@erincmccarthy) talks about predictions for the 21st century from sci-fi writers like Isaac Asimov and public figures like Benjamin Franklin.
You’ll learn which inventor thought coffee would fall out of favor by the year 2000 and how certain futurists believed we would be able to control the weather. How did people think we'd live in the year 2000? What predictions from the past turned out to be true?
Learn more about weird old predictions from the past in our article, What 19th-Century Germans Thought Life Would Be Like in 2000:
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57835/12-predictions-year-2000-19th-century-german-chocolate-company
Learn more about Theodore Roosevelt's quest for simplified spelling in our podcast, History Vs. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/608033/history-vs-podcast-theodore-roosevelt-vs-language
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Why Can't You Compost Meat?Composting becomes more widespread and accessible all the time, keeping millions of tons of food waste from ending up in landfills every year. But there is one quirk of some composting programs that can be a little annoying: they don't accept meat scraps. But why? And are there ways to overcome this limitation?
SciShow would like to extend a special thank you to Nathan Rutz for his insights into the science of composting!
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Sources:
https://pubs.extension.wsu.edu/backyard-composting
https://academica-e.unavarra.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2454/24148/wm.pdf;jsessionid=361A41F007B3018187335B2AD184050A?sequence=1
https://www.thespruce.com/basics-of-bokashi-composting-2539742
http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/AppendixATable1OFCH.pdf
http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost/fundamentals/needs_carbon_nitrogen.htm
http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost/fundamentals/biology_anaerobic.htm
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lignin_-organosolv#section=Structures
The psychology of partisanship - Jay Van BavelDig into the psychology of political partisanship, how to recognize it and what strategies can be used to combat it.
--
Can someone’s political identity actually affect their ability to process information? The answer lies in a cognitive phenomenon known as partisanship. While identifying with social groups is an essential and healthy part of life, it can become a problem when the group’s beliefs are at odds with reality. So how can we recognize and combat partisanship? Jay Van Bavel shares helpful strategies.
Lesson by Jay Van Bavel, directed by Patrick Smith.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Pavel Maksimov, Victoria Soler-Roig, Betsy Feathers, Samuel Barbas, Therapist Gus, Sai Krishna Koyoda, Elizabeth Parker, William Bravante, Irindany Sandoval, Mark wisdom, Brighteagle, Beatriz Inácio, Mighterbump, Pamela Harrison, Maija Chapman, Liana Switzer, Curtis Light, The Brock, Dianne Palomar, Edgar Campos Barrachina, Maria Lerchbaumer, Ever Granada, Marin Kovachev, Ravi S. Rāmphal, Penelope Misquitta, Tekin Gültekin, Jhuval , Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Vaibhav Mirjolkar, Thomas Bahrman, Allan Hayes, Aidan Forero, Uday Kishore, Mikhail Shkirev, Devesh Kumar, Sunny Patel, Anuj Tomar, Lowell Fleming, David Petrovič, Hoai Nam Tran, Stina Boberg, Alexandrina Danifeld, Kack-Kyun Kim, Travis Wehrman, haventfiguredout, Caitlin de Falco and Ken.
Russian Multiplication - NumberphileJohnny Ball on Russian and Egyptian Multiplication.
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Russian multiplication is also known as Ethiopian multiplication.
Why Use Binary? (on Computerphile) - https://youtu.be/thrx3SBEpL8
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3 Ridiculous Ways Plants Get SickPlants can get sick, but since they don’t walk around sneezing on each other, the things that infect them need some very weird strategies to spread.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
Crown gall
http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/crown.htm
https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-12-14-0380-RVW
Christie & Gordon, 2015: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292801/
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2014.00730/full
Mummy Berry
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/fungalasco/pdlessons/Pages/MummyBerry.aspx https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/blueberry-vaccinium-corymbosum-mummy-berry
Cedar-apple rust
https://extension.umn.edu/plant-diseases/cedar-apple-rust
http://plantclinic.cornell.edu/factsheets/cedarapplerust.pdf
http://www.fungusfactfriday.com/087-gymnosporangium-juniperi-virginianae/
------
Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Severe_fire_blight_infection_on_apples.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gurkenmosaikvirus.JPG
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/leaves-of-a-blackberry-bush-with-the-plant-pathogen-kuehneola-uredines-gm903257600-249124503
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG
https://tinyurl.com/s7yg4g6
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_Gall_of_Sunflower.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/grafting-mango-tree-gm502965162-82244253
https://www.flickr.com/photos/oregonstateuniversity/34744024873/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conjugation.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/grafting-fruit-tree-grafted-place-by-grafting-tape-gm1145248827-308210039
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/blueberry-flowers-covered-in-dew-gm1154446873-313949019
https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/blueberry-vaccinium-corymbosum-mummy-berry
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/red-cedar-needles-and-cones-gm470509802-62186828
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/red-apple-growing-on-tree-gm471740467-26286172
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedar_apple_rust_heavily_infected_leaf_underside.JPG
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedar_apple_rust_showing_stomata.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae_gall.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cedar-apple-rust-gall-gm675814474-124004141
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae_gall_sprouting.png
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ill-woman-sneezing-at-home-gm1096061316-294277014
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cedar-apple-rust-gall-fungus-gm624750080-109875283
The life, legacy & assassination of an African revolutionary - Lisa Janae BaconGet to know the life of West African revolutionary Thomas Sankara, and his pursuit of liberating Burkina Faso from colonial rule.
--
In 1972, Thomas Sankara was swept into the revolution seeking to wrest control of Madagascar from France’s lingering colonial rule. The protests inspired the West African native to read works by socialist leaders and seek wisdom from military strategy. Leaving Madagascar in 1973, he was determined to free his country from its colonial legacy. Lisa Bacon details the life of the revolutionary icon.
Lesson by Lisa Janae Bacon, directed by Tomás Pichardo-Espaillat.
Animator's website: http://www.tomatico.net/
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson, Tariq Keblaoui, Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov, igor romanenko, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Brandy Sarver, Guy Hardy, Tu-Anh Nguyen, Karl Laius, Madee Lo, JY Kang, Marc Bou Zeid, Abhishek Goel, Charles A Hershberger, Coenraad Keuning, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Todd Gross, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Zhong Ming Zenny Tan, Karisa Caudill and Bruno Pinho.
Splat! 5 Species that Masquerade as Bird DroppingsIt’s tough out there for small animals. Other animals are always trying to eat them, so they have to use tactics like blending in or being toxic to stay alive. These 5 animals, however, take self-preservation to a whole new level, and disguise themselves as… bird poop.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
General
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/group/poison-dart-frogs/
https://phys.org/news/2018-10-elucidating-cuttlefish-camouflage.html
https://www.pnas.org/content/108/16/6532.short
https://www.audubon.org/news/what-makes-bird-poop-white
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10336-019-01692-5
https://australianmuseum.net.au/blog-archive/amri-news/amri-bird-poo-frogs-more-species/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282246084_Theloderma_asperum_Hill_garden_Bug-eyed_frog_Defensive_behavior
https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2015-10-12-how-plants-dupe-dung-beetles-into-burying-their-seeds
https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2015141
Potter wasps
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03946975.2015.1027103
https://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?identification=Potter-Wasp
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0085-56262013005000044&script=sci_arttext
https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/galveston/beneficials/beneficial-30_potter_wasp_eumenes.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_wasp
Orb web spiders
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/spider-web-spun-look-bird-poop-180951589/
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep05058
What We Know About the New CoronavirusThe WHO has declared the new coronavirus a global public health emergency—but that doesn't mean you should panic.
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The Fastest-Growing Plant In The WorldGet your first audiobook and two Audible Originals for free when you try Audible for 30 days visit https://www.audible.com/minuteearth or text “minuteearth” to 500-500!
Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing plant thanks to the cell elongation process it shares with all grasses and its unique cell wall layering adaptation, allowing it to shoot up to 100 ft (30m) in just 8 weeks.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Rhizome: a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and roots at intervals
Vacuole: an organelle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid, whose main purpose in plants is to maintain pressure against the cell wall
Microfibrils: fiber-like strands consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose that make up the cell wall structure
Auxin: a plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth
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References:
Velasquez, Silvia Melina, et al. "Auxin and cellular elongation." Plant Physiology 170.3 (2016): 1206-1215.
Nonami, Hiroshi. "Plant water relations and control of cell elongation at low water potentials." Journal of Plant Research 111.3 (1998): 373-382.
Wei, Qiang, et al. "Cellular and molecular characterizations of a slow-growth variant provide insights into the fast growth of bamboo." Tree physiology 38.4 (2018): 641-654.
Li, Long, et al. "The association of hormone signalling genes, transcription and changes in shoot anatomy during moso bamboo growth." Plant biotechnology journal 16.1 (2018): 72-85.
Gritsch, Cristina Sanchis, Gunnar Kleist, and Richard J. Murphy. "Developmental changes in cell wall structure of phloem fibres of the bamboo Dendrocalamus asper." Annals of Botany 94.4 (2004): 497-505.
Gamuyao, Rico, et al. "Hormone distribution and transcriptome profiles in bamboo shoots provide insights on bamboo stem emergence and growth." Plant and Cell Physiology 58.4 (2017): 702-716.
Wysocki, William P., et al. "Evolution of the bamboos (Bambusoideae; Poaceae): a full plastome phylogenomic analysis." BMC evolutionary biology 15.1 (2015): 50.
Cosgrove, Daniel J. "Catalysts of plant cell wall loosening." F1000Research 5 (2016).
Lodish, Harvey, et al. "Molecular cell biology 4th edition." National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bookshelf (2000).
Perrot-Rechenmann, Catherine. "Cellular responses to auxin: division versus expansion." Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 2.5 (2010): a001446.
Gritsch, Cristina Sanchis, and Richard J. Murphy. "Ultrastructure of fibre and parenchyma cell walls during early stages of culm development in Dendrocalamus asper." Annals of botany 95.4 (2005): 619-629.
Lybeer, Bieke, et al. "Lignification and cell wall thickening in nodes of Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens and Phyllostachys nigra." Annals of botany 97.4 (2006): 529-539.
Tsuyama, Taku, et al. "Lignification in developing culms of bamboo Sinobambusa tootsik." Journal of Wood Science 63.6 (2017): 551-559.
Gibert, Anaïs, et al. "On the link between functional traits and growth rate: meta‐analysis shows effects change with plant size, as predicted." Journal of Ecology 104.5 (2016): 1488-1503.
Why Are There So Many Beetles?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Beetles are the most diverse group of complex organisms on Earth, making up over 20% of all named animal species. One in five species on this planet is...a beetle. How did one group of organisms get THAT massive?
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SOURCES
https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/beetle
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/281/5376/555
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/side_O_0/beetles_01
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/318/5858/1913?ijkey=fb25aa8ed54fdd5e4c786cd40bc17b1b7cc3444a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
https://www.pnas.org/content/116/49/24729
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0060
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965174814001088
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/17/7083.full.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9rt1c1hl49MC&oi=fnd&pg=PA278&dq=beetle+diversification+family&ots=PV5IOdlqzp&sig=gjefj36XQjfT9bfGxgPLEgxp3VQ#v=onepage&q=beetle%20diversification%20family&f=false
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-014-0220-1
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2013.00360/full
http://www.iucncsg.org/pages/Crocodilian-Species.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/horizontal-gene-transfer
https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm/Paleobotany-and-evolution
The Chasm | Think Like A Coder, Ep 6The adventure continues! Episode 6: Ethic, Hedge, and Octavia must find a way to cross the bottomless ravine to get to the tower. Can they make it before the guards return?
--
This is episode 6 of our animated series “Think Like A Coder.” This 10-episode narrative follows a girl, Ethic, and her robot companion, Hedge, as they attempt to save the world. The two embark on a quest to collect three artifacts and must solve their way through a series of programming puzzles.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studio.
Supported by Endless: https://endlessnetwork.com
A special thank you to the programmers who assisted in the development of this series: Eric Wastl, Sara Kladky, Ryan Harvey, Dan Bernier, Eden Girma, Matt Gruskin, and James Griffith.
The challenge in this episode was inspired by a problem found in Gayle Laakmann McDowell’s book "Cracking the Coding Interview."
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Why Do Women Have More Autoimmune Conditions?This video was sponsored by Fasthosts. Fasthosts are giving UK viewers the chance to win tickets, flight, and accommodation to SXSW 2020 by answering my Techie Test question: https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/scishow
Our immune systems are generally pretty great, but sometimes they can turn on us. And for some reason, these autoimmune conditions mostly affect women.
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This equation will change how you see the worldThe logistic map connects fluid convection, neuron firing, the Mandelbrot set and so much more. Fasthosts are giving UK viewers the chance to win tickets, flight, and accommodation to SXSW 2020 by answering my Techie Test question: https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/veritasium
Animations, coding, interactives in this video by Jonny Hyman ????
Try the code yourself: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/Chaos
References:
James Gleick, Chaos
Steven Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
May, R. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261, 459–467 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1038/261459a0
Robert Shaw, The Dripping Faucet as a Model Chaotic System
https://archive.org/details/ShawRobertDrippingFaucetAsAModelChaoticSystem1984_201811/mode/2up
Crevier DW, Meister M. Synchronous period-doubling in flicker vision of salamander and man.
J Neurophysiol. 1998 Apr;79(4):1869-78.
Bing Jia, Huaguang Gu, Li Li, Xiaoyan Zhao. Dynamics of period-doubling bifurcation to chaos in the spontaneous neural firing patterns Cogn Neurodyn (2012) 6:89–106 DOI 10.1007/s11571-011-9184-7
A Garfinkel, ML Spano, WL Ditto, JN Weiss. Controlling cardiac chaos
Science 28 Aug 1992: Vol. 257, Issue 5074, pp. 1230-1235 DOI: 10.1126/science.1519060
R. M. May, D. M. G. Wishart, J. Bray and R. L. Smith Chaos and the Dynamics of Biological Populations
Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 413, No. 1844, Dynamical Chaos (Sep. 8, 1987), pp. 27-44
Chialvo, D., Gilmour Jr, R. & Jalife, J. Low dimensional chaos in cardiac tissue. Nature 343, 653–657 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/343653a0
Xujun Ye, Kenshi Sakai. A new modified resource budget model for nonlinear dynamics in citrus production. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 87 (2016) 51–60
Libchaber, A. & Laroche, C. & Fauve, Stephan. (1982). Period doubling cascade in mercury, a quantitative measurement. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:01982004307021100. 43. 10.1051/jphyslet:01982004307021100.
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WWI's Civilians, the Homefront, and an Uneasy Peace: Crash Course European History #34World War I was a total war for millions of people in Europe. Many men were enlisted in the fighting, but the war work had implications for the daily lives of a huge number of Europeans. Women entered the workforce in huge numbers, and for a lot of people, the battles raged through their towns, cities, and even their homes.
In addition to learning about the homefronts of the war, we're going to look at how the war ended, and how the Paris Peace Conference and the treaties that resulted did little to heal the societal wounds of the war, and in many ways set the stage for the next big war.
Sources
-Akin, Yigit. “War, Women, and the State: The Politics of Sacrifice in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War,” Journal of Women’s History. Vol. 26, No. 3 (Fall 2014).
-Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2016.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 5th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2016.
-McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. New York: Penguin, 2015.
-Sanborn, Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
***
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What is this strange looking stuff? Is this branch just covered in fungus!? Well, it’s not fungus...but fungus DOES have something to do with it!
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Sources:
https://www.biogeosciences.net/12/4261/2015/bg-12-4261-2015.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cRngAm8uqA
https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3254
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0021979789902221
https://namyco.org/docs/MycophileMar-Apr2014.pdf
Licking bees and pulping trees: The reign of a wasp queen - Kenny CooganTake a look inside a hive as a wasp queen begins her reign; founding a colony, hunting to feed her brood and defending against intruders.
--
As the sun rises, something royal stirs inside a pile of firewood. It's the wasp queen; one of thousands who mated in late autumn and hibernated through the winter. Now she must emerge into the spring air to begin her reign. This queen is the lone survivor of her old hive, and now, she must become the foundress of a new one. Kenny Coogan details a year in the life of a wasp queen.
Lesson by Kenny Coogan, directed by Biljana Labovic & animated by Denis Chapon.
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Superhero Triangles - NumberphileHeronian triangles and other fascinating things, featuring Dr James Grime.
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Phytoplankton: Arguably the Most Important Life on EarthThank you to the Monterey Bay Aquarium for partnering with us on this episode of SciShow. Visit https://www.montereybayaquarium.org or if you are in the area, swing on by to learn more about the beauty and wonder of the ocean.
There are incredible creatures living in the ocean that have the power to reshape the planet’s atmosphere - and you’ve probably never even seen them before. These microscopic critters are called phytoplankton, and almost all life, both on land and in the ocean, depends on them.
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How bones make blood - Melody SmithDig into the science of how bone marrow transplants work and find out how you could become a donor by visiting https://bethematch.org
--
Bones might seem rock-solid, but they’re actually quite porous inside. Most of the large bones of your skeleton have a hollow core filled with soft bone marrow. Marrow's most essential elements are blood stem cells and for patients with advanced blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma, the best chance for a cure is often a bone marrow transplant. How does this procedure work? Melody Smith explains.
Lesson by Melody Smith, directed by Artrake Studio.
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Why These 7 Fish Are So U.G.L.Y.Some fish will never win any beauty pageants, but they still deserve our admiration, respect, and love, especially since their “ugly” traits are actually incredible examples of evolutionary innovation.
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Sources:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/12/blobfish-world-ugliest-animal
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10307716/What-do-we-know-about-the-worlds-ugliest-animal.html
http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Psychrolutes-marcidus.html
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https://www.scienceandthesea.org/program/red-lipped-batfish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9inncLXAHg&feature=emb_title
https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/galapagos-conservation-trust/
https://www.seattleaquarium.org/animals/wolf-eel
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https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Anarrhichthys-ocellatus.html
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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/o/ocean-sunfish/
https://oceansunfish.org/diet-size-and-growth/#
------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Psychrolutes_phrictus.jpg
https://tinyurl.com/vqbwgqx
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Psychrolutes_phrictus_1.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Psychrolutes_phrictus_2.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Stargazer.JPG
https://tinyurl.com/upnmxjn
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antennenwels_auf_einer_Kokusnussschale_Ancistrus_dolichopterus_P1010134.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancistrus_sp_head.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancistrus_sp._--_NOT_dolichopterus_--_male.jpg
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038120
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sexual_dimorphism_in_Bolbometopon_muricatum.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red-lipped_Bat_fish.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_eel_eating_a_sea_urchin.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_eel.png
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfOr1xBFLew
