Does Medicine Actually Expire?Expired medicine might seem like a weird concept because a lot of it doesn’t get moldy or slimy like old food. Is it really a big concern?
For FDA recommendations about safe disposal of medication, visit this link:
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/buyingusingmedicinesafely/ensuringsafeuseofmedicine/safedisposalofmedicines/ucm186187.htm
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Sources:
https://secure.medicalletter.org/sites/default/files/freedocs/w1483b.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721796
https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/is-it-ever-ok-to-take-expired-medication
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-it-safe-to-take-expired-medicine_n_58ef9b90e4b0da2ff85ed8b1
https://www.health.com/home/expired-medicine
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10808186
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/buyingusingmedicinesafely/ensuringsafeuseofmedicine/safedisposalofmedicines/ucm186187.htm
https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_disposal/takeback/index.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28787777
https://myoldmeds.com/proper-disposal/
The Protestant Reformation: Crash Course European History #6You may have noticed that the internet is terrible at religious discourse. Well, this is not a new phenomenon. In the early 16th century, the Roman Catholic church dominated Christianity in Europe, and the institution was starting to show some cracks. Tensions mounted and protests grew, and eventually, the Protestant Reformation happened. Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, but the Reformation doesn't exactly begin with Luther, and it certainly doesn't end with him. Today, we're looking at how and why the Catholic church in Europe split, first into two sects, and eventually into a LOT of sects.
#crashcourse #europeanhistory #history
Sources:
Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. (Boston: Bedford St Martins, 2019 ch. 14.
Kelley, Donald R. Beginning of Ideology: Consciousness and Society in the French Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981) ch. 1.
Smith, Bonnie G. Women in World History since 1450 (London: Bloomsbury, 2019) ch. 3.
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Where Your Eye Color Comes From… SurprEYESing Science!Check out Say It Loud from PBSDS ►► https://www.youtube.com/SayItLoudPBS
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The eyes are often the first thing we see when we look at someone. And when you look at them up close, everyone’s eye color is a kaleidoscope of shapes and hues. How does eye color work? The answer involves some very cool physics, and probably isn’t what you were taught in school. And you’ve probably wondered how is eye color inherited, or why some people have blue eyes even if their parents’ eyes are brown? Get ready for a long look deep into the genetics and physics of eye color. #eyes #eyecolor #blueeyes
REFERENCES:
Genetics of human iris colour and patterns - Richard A. Sturm, Mats Larsson
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/f...
Iris Color Classification Scales
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
GWAS Findings for Human Iris Patterns: Associations with Variants in Genes that Influence Normal Neuronal Pattern Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...
Can blue eyed parents produce brown eyed children? - Richard A. Sturm
https://bioenv.gu.se/digitalAssets/15...
Books from our episodes:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/
We're One Step Closer to Understanding AgingScientists have had a variety of hypotheses about how chemical stress can affect DNA to cause aging, but a new study has just shown the process in action.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2019.04.024
https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2019-05/uop-psf050819.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808645/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407008902
http://cgp.iiarjournals.org/content/5/1/63.full.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632062/
----------
Images & Video:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telomere_caps.gif
Cybersecurity & a Hacker Called Alien | SciShow Talk ShowJeremy Smith and Sherri Davidoff talk hacking, cyber security, and the end of the world, and Jessi stops by with Rook the Raven.
To find Jeremy and Sherri's books:
http://jeremynsmith.com/breaking-and-entering.html
https://www.amazon.com/Sherri-Davidoff/e/B008GQ5HKS
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Image Sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magpie_arp.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_Raven.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg
Can a black hole be destroyed? - Fabio PacucciAre black holes indestructible? Explore the theory of Hawking radiation, a process that could lead a black hole to gradually lose mass and evaporate.
--
Black holes are among the most destructive objects in the universe. Anything that gets too close to a black hole, be it an asteroid, planet, or star, risks being torn apart by its extreme gravitational field. By some accounts, the universe may eventually consist entirely of black holes. But is there any way to destroy a black hole? Fabio Pacucci digs into the possibility.
Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Provincia Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Amber Wood, Ophelia Gibson Best, Cas Jamieson, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Phyllis Dubrow, Andreas Voltios, Eunsun Kim, Philippe Spoden, Samantha Chow, Ayala Ron, Manognya Chakrapani, Simon Holst Ravn, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Rakshit Kothari, Melissa Sorrells, Antony Lee, Husain Mohammad, Max Shuai Tang, Côme Vincent, Astia Rizki Safitri, Alan Froese, alessandra tasso, Gerald Onyango, Katrina Harding, Ezgi Yersu, Al the Scottish Wildcat, Katie Dean, Kin Lon Ma, Carsten Tobehn, Boris Langvand, Jeremy Fryd, Charlene You, Carolyn Corwin, rakesh Katragadda, Sergi Páez, Jørgen Østerpart, Karla Brilman, Cindy O., Nicu Boanda, Reagen O'Connor, Sabrina Gonzalez, Dino Biancolini, FAWWAZ GHUWAIDI, Hadi Salahshour, Clement, Sarah Burns, Abdullah Altuwaijri, Jessie McGuire, Divina Grace Dar Santos and Brian Richards.
There's a Big Problem With Silicon. What's Next?Silicon transistors allowed computers to shrink from the size of houses to watches in a short time, but engineers are facing a problem: we've almost hit the limit on how small silicon transistors can get.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
Personal interview with Dr. Eric Pop
http://news.mit.edu/2012/graphene-molybdenum-disulfide-flat-materials-0823
https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationProcessing/semicond/sc_content/semi_30.html
https://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/devices/molybdenumdisulfide-2d-transistors-go-ballistic
https://theconversation.com/with-silicon-pushed-to-its-limits-what-will-power-the-next-electronics-revolution-46287
https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/09/moore/
https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/10/6/13187820/one-nanometer-transistor-berkeley-lab-moores-law
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/164049/files/NatNano%206%20135%20%282011%29%20Schwierz.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2010.89
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602592/worlds-smallest-transistor-is-cool-but-wont-save-moores-law/
http://www.onmyphd.com/?p=mosfet.short.channel.effects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=141&v=z2qzT_4sw3U
http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/ucacdxq/projects/vlsi/report.pdf
Making Time Management Work for You: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #10Most of us struggle with time management. It's normal. But, things need to get done both at work and in your personal life. So, in this episode of Crash Course Business, Evelyn gives us all some ways to structure our checklist and make sure we get our work done while still not forgetting to take care of ourselves.
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Peaceable Queens - NumberphileNeil Sloane discusses peaceable queens and chess. Check out Brilliant (get 20% off their premium service): https://brilliant.org/numberphile (sponsor)
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Learn more at the OEIS entry (loads of links): https://oeis.org/A250000
References:
Ainley, Stephen. Mathematical Puzzles. London: G Bell & Sons, 1977.
Yukun Yao and Doron Zeilberger, Numerical and Symbolic Studies of the Peaceable Queens Problem, https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.05886
Other notable work by Michael De Vlieger, Benoit Jubin, Peter Karpov, Don Knuth, Rob Pratt, Bob Selcoe, Paul Tabatabai.
More Numberphile videos with Neil Sloane: http://bit.ly/Sloane_Numberphile
More chess-related videos: http://bit.ly/chess_numberphile
Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile
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And support from Math For America - https://www.mathforamerica.org/
Brady's latest videos across all channels: http://www.bradyharanblog.com/
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When Will We All Die?: The Statistics of Human ExtinctionGo to http://curiositystream.com/scishow to start streaming The Joy of Chance. Use the promo code ‘scishow’ during the sign-up process to get your first 30 days free.
We humans like to think we’re special in basically all ways, but if the history of life is any indication, our species has a limited time on this planet. So the question is: when are we gonna go extinct?
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
http://www.thp.uni-koeln.de/krug/teaching-Dateien/WS2011/Gott1993.pdf
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6363/652.full
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.03072v1.pdf
https://img.sauf.ca/pictures/2015-08-01/6d737412cb52abc475821fa8c1b541dc.pdf
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1205/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFFzABwTFJo
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.4676.pdf
https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt9tt5c711/qt9tt5c711.pdf
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/103/1/117.full.pdf
What if you never took off your AirPods?DON'T Buy Apple AirPods Without Watching This...
How Old Are Your Ears? (Test) https://youtu.be/VxcbppCX6Rk
Sidenote Podcast: https://youtu.be/jCUPcbueOtg
Why should you read “Crime and Punishment”? - Alex GendlerDownload a free audiobook version of "Crime and Punishment" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
Check out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/products/crime-and-punishment
--
What drives someone to kill in cold blood? What goes through the murderer’s mind? And what kind of a society breeds such people? Over 150 years ago Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky took these questions up in what would become one of the best-known works of Russian literature: “Crime and Punishment.” Alex Gendler digs into the classic novel's exploration of alienation, morality and redemption.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by WOW-HOW Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! João Henrique Rodrigues, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, SANG HAN, Amy Lopez, ReuniteKorea , Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Clovis Norroy, Danielle Downs, Nik Maier, Angel Pantoja, Nishant Suneja, 张晓雨, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Sandra Fuller Bocko, Alex Pierce, Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson, Tariq Keblaoui, Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov and igor romanenko.
How do self-driving cars “see”? - Sajan SainiTake a look at the LIDAR and integrated photonics technologies that help self-driving cars navigate obstacles, no matter the environment, weather or light.
--
It’s late, pitch dark and a self-driving car winds down a narrow country road. Suddenly, three hazards appear at the same time. With no human at the wheel, the car uses smart eyes, sensors that’ll resolve these details all in a split-second. How is this possible? Sajan Saini explains how LIDAR and integrated photonics technology make self-driving cars a reality.
Lesson by Sajan Saini, directed by Artrake Studio.
Learn more about integrated photonics: https://aimphotonics.academy
Learn how integrated photonic chips are made: https://www.aimphotonics.com
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Monkeypatcher, Laurence McMillan, Connor Roberts, Dmitry Neverov, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Avinash Amarnath, Eric McDaniel, Cristian Cristian, France Lipužič, EdoKun, Rare Media, Rayo, Faizan, Elizabeth Gu, Nazmul Idris, Po Foon Kwong, Siobhan O'Connor Gwozdz, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Jan-Erik , Scott Markley, Kaitlyn holland, Elija Peterson, Michele Lynn Rose, Jai Prasanth, Vack91, David Lucsanyi, Xavier dupont, Marisa Miller, Boytsov Ilya, Steven Razey, Javier Aldavaz, Nathan Giusti, Mada Arslan, Joichiro Yamada, Ritul Raghavan, Aline de Paula Zillig, Yambu Ganesh Shaw, Abeer Rajbeen, John Hong, Minh Tran, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Turine Tran, Mathew Samuel, Karthik Balsubramanian, Lee , Livia-Alexandra Sarban and Annastasshia Ames.
7 Ways to Spruce Up Your Cooking with ScienceBuild your own website today at https://wix.com/go/scishow
Your kitchen really is your own personal science lab, so here are some science-based cooking tricks to make tastier, healthier, and awesomer meals.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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----------
Sources:
Beer Bread
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x
https://www.jamieoliver.com/features/baking-beer-bread/
https://phys.org/news/2014-05-difference-soda-powder.html
Mushroom Tacos
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666316302471
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/487/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.13838
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1750-3841.12549
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/130/4/921S/4686627
Coconut oil and Chill
https://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2015/04/21/does-the-calorie-slashing-method-for-cooking-rice-really-work
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2015/march/new-low-calorie-rice-could-help-cut-rising-obesity-rates.html
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12143
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/25/scientists-have-figured-out-a-simple-way-to-cook-rice-that-dramatically-cuts-the-calories/?utm_term=.f4463d10052b
http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/24/4/620.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/star.201600203
https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20003030024
Safe raw cookie dough
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00253.x
https://www.internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/James%20-%202002.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6615a1.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563394/
Artichoke Sweet water
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04765
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/178/4064/988
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Breslin/publication/6217748_Visions_Reflections_Minireview/links/0deec51630f149f660000000.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938416301019
Temperature and Taste
https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/40/6/391/298823
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/glossopharyngeal-nerve
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/chorda-tympani
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00018-006-6384-0.pdf
Shortening vs Butter Cookies
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2010/issue79/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13197-017-2942-8
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222534485_Effect_of_fat-type_on_cookie_dough_and_cookie_quality
------
Images:
https://tinyurl.com/yywb8pq2
https://tinyurl.com/y2yqk5ns
https://tinyurl.com/yxznpp3b
https://tinyurl.com/yyf5gztl
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pasteur_Pipets.jpg
https://tinyurl.com/y6o3l8vc
https://tinyurl.com/y4xn7bo4
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_SEM.jpg
https://tinyurl.com/y3g9ghue
https://tinyurl.com/y32psoz5
https://tinyurl.com/y5c46p9c
https://tinyurl.com/yyhepcy3
https://tinyurl.com/y6fseybu
https://tinyurl.com/y566qcsm
https://tinyurl.com/y4ch4umg
https://tinyurl.com/y3j53kym
https://tinyurl.com/y2lxmzrf
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https://tinyurl.com/y6p7td8h
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Why Are Some Animal Babies So Helpless?Skillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-15
Have you ever noticed that some animal babies, like baby deer, can walk around basically right after they're born, but other animal babies, like kittens, can't even open their eyes? There’s a reason for that, and it comes down to two different reproductive strategies with their own advantages and disadvantages.
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Sources:
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141219-rabbits-hares-animals-science-mating-courtship/
https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/altricial/
https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Precocial_and_Altricial.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319904393_Altricial
https://web.colby.edu/mainebirds/2009/08/06/86/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222662
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892970/
https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Superprecocial.html
http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session15/rosenberg-2015-are-human-infants-altricial.html
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.00010.x
https://inference-review.com/article/the-obstetrical-dilemma
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/why-humans-give-birth-to-helpless-babies/
https://mafiadoc.com/the-importance-of-the-altricial-a-precocial-spectrum-for-social-_5988118d1723ddca69541e7a.html
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=A0HB7Mq4lOYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=altricial+and+precocial&ots=ZcR6OeK3OV&sig=JRx4CAchkoWZhe3uP8cSx_LI8JM#v=onepage&q=altricial%20and%20precocial&f=false
https://rubegalab.uconn.edu/lecture-notes-parental-care/#
Expansion and Consequences: Crash Course European History #5European exploration had a lot of side effects. When the Old World and the New World began to interact, people, wealth, food, animals, and disease began to flow in both directions. In the New World, countless millions were killed by smallpox, measles, and other Old World diseases. Old World animals changed life in the New World irrevocably, and the extraction of wealth and resources from the Americas ultimately contributed to the development of the Atlantic Slave Trade. So, it was an exchange with a lot of downside, especially for non-Europeans.
SOURCES
Pringle, Heather. “Sugar Masters in the New World,” Smithsonian Magazine, January 12, 2010,
Smithsonian.com https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sugar-masters-in-a-new-world-5212993/
Seijas, Tatiana. Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chos to Indians. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/10/pre-columbian-societies-knew-thing-about-extracting-gold
Smith, Bonnie G. Modern Empires: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Smith, Bonnie G. Women in World History from 1450. London: Bloomsbury, 2019.
Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009.
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Pokémon Brain Region Reveals How Our Brains Categorize | SciShow NewsSkillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-15
If you're a Pokémon super-fan seeing Detective Pikachu this weekend, a little bit of your brain might light up that won’t light up in the brains of those that didn’t try to catch 'em all! Find out why that's important to understanding how our brains work, and the latest breakthrough in Alzheimer's research on this week's SciShow News!
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Sources:
Pokémon
https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2019-05/su-abr050219.php
https://press.nature.com/wp-content/uploads/files/2019/04/41562_2019_592_OnlinePDF.pdf
https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/behrmannlab/Publications/2002_04_Hasson_neuron.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127899/
Alzheimer’s Prions
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190501153358.htm
https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/11/490/eaat8462
https://gizmodo.com/these-scientists-want-to-redefine-alzheimers-as-a-doubl-1834486386
https://theconversation.com/heres-what-we-think-alzheimers-does-to-the-brain-86799
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12011456
Why Are 96,000,000 Black Balls on This Reservoir?I took a boat through 96 million black plastic balls on the Los Angeles reservoir to find out why they're there. The first time I heard about shade balls the claim was they reduce evaporation. But it turns out this isn't the reason they were introduced.
Huge thanks to LADWP for arranging this special tour for me. Next time let's put the GoPro on the submersible!
The balls are made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) which is less dense than water so they float on the surface of the reservoir even if they break apart. They are 10cm (4 inches) in diameter and contain about 210ml of water. So the main reason they are on the reservoir is to block sunlight from entering the water and triggering a chemical reaction that turns harmless bromide into carcinogenic bromate. This effect occurs with prolonged exposure to bromate so regulators insist that levels be kept below 10 microgram per liter on average over a 12 month period.
Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, Michael Krugman, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Terrance Shepherd, Penward Rhyme and everyone who provided feedback on an early draft of this video.
Thanks to:
Las Virgenes Reservoir for footage of initial shade ball dump
Euro-Matic for bird into jet-engine footage
Researched and Produced by Casey Rentz
Animations by Maria Raykova
Music from http://epidemicsound.com "Colorful Animation 4" "Seaweed"
And from Kevin MacLeod "Marty Gots a Plan"
This is an educational video about the science of water quality.
The Surprising Truth About Subway MicrobesSkillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-15
You might guess that big city subways would be filled with all sorts of nasty pathogens just waiting to infect the nearest unsuspecting human, but science doesn’t back this up at all.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2015/02/researchers-produce-first-map-of-new-york-city-subway-system-microbes-christopher-mason
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/06/nyregion/among-the-new-york-city-subways-millions-of-riders-a-study-finds-many-mystery-microbes.html
https://www.wired.com/2015/02/mapping-microbes-new-york-city-subway/
https://www.cell.com/cell-systems/fulltext/S2405-4712(15)00014-9
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405471215000149?via%3Dihub
http://www.cell.com/pb/assets/raw/journals/research/cell-systems/do-not-delete/CELS1_FINAL.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5011910/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1477893909000933
https://www.foodsafety.gov/poisoning/causes/bacteriaviruses/bcereus/index.html
----------
Images:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRT_BMT_South_Ferry_-_Whitehall_st_Station.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NYCT_South_Ferry_Platform.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:South_Ferry_Subway_Station_(8141549798).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:South_Ferry_Subway_Station_(8141517967).jpg
The Aztec myth of the unlikeliest sun god - Kay Almere ReadDiscover the myth of how the weak and pimply Aztec god Nanahuatl sacrificed himself to become Lord Sun and created a new world.
--
Nanahuatl, weakest of the Aztec gods, sickly and covered in pimples, had been chosen to form a new world. There had already been four worlds, each set in motion by its own “Lord Sun,” and each had been destroyed. For a new world to be created, another god had to leap into the great bonfire and become the fifth sun. Will Nanahuatl complete the sacrifice? Kay A. Read recounts the myth of the sun.
Lesson by Kay Almere Read, directed by Tomás Pichardo-Espaillat.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angelo Urzua-Milla, Tommy Lewis, leorene , Mahina Bachiller, Marcus Andre Nery, Bruce Vieira Lopes, Chef , Charmaine Hanson, Michael Goldberg, Lydia Pflieger, Paul Aldred-Bann, Manav parmar, Susan Wang, Utkarsh Dubey, Thawsitt , Xuebicoco , Jezabel , Maeve , Kim Humphrey, Kristen Damas, JackKeyton , Matthew D. Vigil, Amin Shahril, Adriano Fontes, Xiao Yu, Fatima Kried, Aravind Battaje, Melissa Suarez, Jason Duncan, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Chhunheng Veng, Leonardo Monrroy, Sumedh Ghaisas, Guhten , Amer Harb, Dowey Baothman, Norbert Orgován, Shafeeq Ansari, Gabriel Balsa, Maryam Sultan, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Adam Foreman, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Lâm Nguyễn, Mark Byers and Bradley Heinold.
The Truth About Infant Formula and Breast MilkSkillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-15
If you have kids, you've probably been told: “breast is best," but is it true?
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How to Set and Achieve SMART Goals: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #9I know things can seem a bit overwhelming when you’re out of school, there are no more grades, and all of a sudden people are talking about five-year plans when it feels like you don’t know what’s happening in five weeks. But we’ve got you. It's time to set goals for yourself!
***
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Driving a Tesla Across The Loneliest Road in AmericaDiscuss on the reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/CGPGrey/comments/bm466f/summer_of_grey_part_2_driving_a_tesla_across_the/
This isn't an ad, or sponsorship, it was a trip that was important for me that I wanted to share. If you want to support the vlog, consider getting a hoodie: http://www.cgpgrey.com/hoodie
(Vlogs aren't posted on Patreon either, so it really is the best way. And it help keep me incognito while filming the more of them that are out in the world)
## Related links:
Summer of Grey, Part 1 & 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmD9RkCJgDI&list=PLqs5ohhass_RTC-jrtSR2E1bozl2JZgXe&index=2
Road Trip Time Lapse Across The Loneliest Road in AmericaCalifornia → Nevada → Utah → Arizona → Nevada → California
Main video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_naDg-guomA
Trip in real time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQuo4-t0p_8&list=PLqs5ohhass_TijrTtp1h0Dx1aZ0GtFEUa&index=1
Discuss this video: http://reddit.com/r/cgpgrey
Time lapse speed is 12x
Music by: http://www.davidreesmusic.com
Road Trip Part 1: Entering The Loneliest RoadMain video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_naDg-guomA
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRzQVD6LfCE&list=PLqs5ohhass_TijrTtp1h0Dx1aZ0GtFEUa&index=2
Road Trip Part 2: The Long DarkMain video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_naDg-guomA
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyoB5erM-W8&list=PLqs5ohhass_TijrTtp1h0Dx1aZ0GtFEUa&index=3
Road Trip Part 5: Destination LAMain video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_naDg-guomA
Time Lapse: https://youtu.be/hvt5xjZTN1U
Does Searing Meat Really Lock in Juices?Skillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-15
Your favorite TV chef might have told you to make sure you sear your meat because that nice brown crust helps seal in the moisture, but is that actually how it works?
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
https://archive.org/details/researchesonchem00liebrich
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.2740251109
https://www.foodnetwork.com/videos/to-sear-or-not-to-sear-98517
https://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5699-searing-steak
http://wtf.tw/ref/mcgee.pdf
https://www.seriouseats.com/2009/12/the-food-lab-how-to-cook-roast-a-perfect-prime-rib.html?ref=search
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-4549.1994.tb00240.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11297291
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1952.tb16754.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055626
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005965214595
The Chinese myth of the immortal white snake - Shunan TengDive into the world of Chinese folk tales with the myth of the white snake, a story of the demon Bai Su Zhen and her love, Xu Xian.
--
The talented herbalist Xu Xian had just started his own medicine shop where he created remedies with the help of his wife, Bai Su Zhen. One day a monk named Fa Hai approached him, warning him that there was a demon in his house. The demon, he said, was Bai Su Zhen. Xu Xian laughed. How could his kind-hearted wife be a demon? Shunan Teng traces the tale of the immortal white snake.
Lesson by Shunan Teng, directed by Kino Bino.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Annamaria Szilagyi, Morgan Williams, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Mandeep Singh, Sama aafghani, سلطان الخليفي, Marylise CHAUFFETON, Marvin Vizuett, Jayant Sahewal, Quinn Shen, Caleb ross, Elizabeth Cruz, Elnathan Joshua Bangayan, Mullaiarasu Sundaramurthy, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Dan Paterniti, Jerome Froelich, Tyler Yoshizumi, Martin Stephen, Justin Carpani, Faiza Imtiaz, Khalifa Alhulail, Tejas Dc, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Srikote Naewchampa, Sage Curie, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Ana Maria, Vignan Velivela, Ahmad Hyari, eden sher, Travis Wehrman, Louisa Lee, Kiara Taylor, Аркадий Скайуокер, Milad Mostafavi, Rob Johnson, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Karthik Cherala, haventfiguredout, Violeta Cervantes, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Lyn-z Schulte, cnorahs, Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, Tim Robinson, Jun Cai, Joichiro Yamada and Paul Schneider.
The Birds That Lived in The Age of DinosaursSkillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-15
While we know that birds are the descendants of dinosaurs, we don't think much about the ones that lived alongside them, and they are a hot topic amongst paleontologists today.
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The Declaration of Independence and Other Amazing Yard Sale Finds | Mental Floss List Show | 531Keep your eyes peeled the next time you go to a yard sale. Amidst the old VHS tapes and dusty furniture, you just might find some real treasures. In this week’s episode of The List Show, Erin (@erincmccarthy) shares 20 amazing yard sale finds, including classic paintings, expensive jewelry, rare photographs, and even the Declaration of Independence. That’s right, the next time you find yourself flipping through a stack of moldy magazines and old newspapers at your neighbor’s yard sale, keep your eyes peeled for John Hancock’s signature.
The Declaration of Independence, an ancient Egyptian bronze cat, and a watch from a James Bond movie are just a few of the amazing yard sale, flea market, and thrift store finds featured in this week’s episode of The List Show. Think yard sales are all old junk? This episode of The List Show will make you think again.
In case you forgot, The List Show is a trivia-tastic, fact-filled show for curious people. Subscribe here for new Mental Floss episodes every two weeks.
Will your name become extinct? - NumberphileDr James Grime discusses the mathematics of extinction. More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Extras from this interview: https://youtu.be/zomuAufWXr0
Related but different video on the math of ancestry: https://youtu.be/Fm0hOex4psA
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James Grime: https://www.singingbanana.com
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How this disease changes the shape of your cells - Amber M. YatesDig into the science of how a single genetic mutation alters the structure of hemoglobin and leads to sickle-cell disease.
--
What shape are your cells? Squishy cylinders? Jagged zig-zags? You might not spend a lot of time thinking about the bodies of these building blocks, but microscopically, small variations can have huge consequences. And while some adaptations change these shapes for the better, others can spark debilitating complications. Amber Yates dives into the science of the malignant sickle-cell mutation.
Lesson by Amber M. Yates, directed by Axon Animation LLC.
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EVERY baby is a ROYAL baby - NumberphileDr James Grime discusses ancestry and why we ALL have royal blood. See also our new video on family extinction at: https://youtu.be/z34XhE5oRwo
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Why Are Snowflakes Flat?We’re told that all snowflakes are unique. But when you really think about them, snowflakes get even more interesting - as ice crystals forming in 3D space, why are snowflakes basically 2D?
We make science kits now! Go to http://UniverseUnboxed.com to learn more, order one online, or find them in a store near you.
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Sources:
https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/snowflake-science-2023
http://www.snowcrystals.com/science/science.html
https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/snowflakes
http://www.snowcrystals.com/sharpening/sharpening.html
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F0-387-30720-6_130
https://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm
The Age of Exploration: Crash Course European History #4The thing about European History is that it tends to leak out of Europe. Europeans haven't been great at staying put in Europe. As human beings do, the people of Europe were very busy traveling around to trade, to spread religion, and in a lot of cases to try and conquer other people. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans developed a bunch of tools and techniques that would allow them to travel around the world, in numbers and force heretofore unseen on the planet. And a lot of the results weren't great for the people who already lived in the places Europeans were "visiting."
Sources
Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
Smith, Bonnie G. Modern Empires: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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The World's First Malaria Vaccine Gets a Shot in Africa | SciShow NewsLast week, the World Health Organization announced that a malaria vaccine has finally made it through all the regulatory hurdles and is being distributed in the country of Malawi. Learn how it works and why it’s taken so long to develop a safe and effective malaria vaccine on this week’s SciShow News.
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Sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/kenya/blog/malaria-vaccine-in-kenya.html
https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccination.html
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60721-8/fulltext
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/vaccine.html
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184
https://www.malariavaccine.org/malaria-and-vaccines/rtss
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-04-2019-malaria-vaccine-pilot-launched-in-malawi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736123/
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-color-office.pdf
https://www.who.int/malaria/areas/preventive_therapies/children/en/
https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/malaria/en/
https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/report/en/
https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829262/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184
https://www.malariavaccine.org/sites/www.malariavaccine.org/files/content/page/files/PATH_MVI_RTSS_Fact%20sheet_042019.pdf
https://www.malariavaccine.org/malaria-and-vaccines/rtss
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829262/
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-statement-world-malaria-day-2019
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/vaccine.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806383/
https://www.dovepress.com/rtss-malaria-vaccine-development-progress-and-considerations-for-posta-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VDT
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806383/
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/how-the-milestone-malaria-vaccine-works/
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/16/347727459/which-contagious-diseases-are-the-deadliest
https://qz.com/africa/1606511/malaria-vaccine-by-gsk-for-african-children-is-still-too-limited/
https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/4/24/18514577/malaria-vaccine-malawi-pilot-program
https://www.statnews.com/2019/04/19/pivotal-test-experimental-malaria-vaccine-begins/
https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/malaria-vaccine-rollout-is-a-gamble-an-imperfect-tool-used-imperfectly/
How To Drink Coffee In SpaceYou can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
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I love coffee. Like, a lot. You know who else loves coffee? Astronauts! And also the people who help them do awesome things in space (I think NASA might be powered by coffee). But how do astronauts actually drink coffee in space, aboard the International Space Station, in microgravity? I visited astronaut Don Pettit to learn about his invention for having a cup o’ Joe in orbit. This is some awesome science.
#space #coffee #nasa
Special thanks to Don Pettit and NASA!
Don’s collaborator on this research is Mark Weislogel from Portland State University. Learn more about Mark’s research here: https://www.pdx.edu/profile/mark-weislogel
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Why Doctors Got Childhood Food Allergies So WrongFood allergies aren’t exactly rare, but previous attempts to prevent them may have actually made them more common than they would have been otherwise.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376181
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4646750/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917585/
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db10.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046529/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2216619/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7728225
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12926231_Dietary_products_used_in_infants_for_treatment_and_prevention_of_food_allergy_Joint_Statement_of_the_European_Society_for_Paediatric_Allergology_and_Clinical_Immunology_ESPACI_Committee_on_Hypoallerge
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15033836/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16892776/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740862/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379288/
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/121/1/183.full
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4241964/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229819/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710027/
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852987/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464642
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1514209
https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)00778-1/fulltext#sec4
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219818307281
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/when-is-it-best-to-expose-your-baby-to-potential-food-allergens
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219818305075
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29524559
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/addendum_guidelines_peanut_appx_d.pdf
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20355095
The Biggest Problems We're Facing Today & The Future of Engineering: Crash Course Engineering #46In our final episode of Crash Course Engineering we are going to take all the tools and ideas we’ve discussed throughout this series and try to imagine where we’re headed. We’re going to explore some of the biggest problems that today’s engineers are trying to solve and make some guesses about what the future of the field might look like.
Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV
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The real reason conspiracy theories workHere's why we've evolved to fall for conspiracy theories.
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"Accents" by Denice FrohmanAn animated interpretation of Denice Frohman's poem "Accents"
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How to Negotiate: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #8You've prepped and now it's time to actually negotiate. In this episode of Crash Course Business, Evelyn talks to us about how to make sure we take care of ourselves and get what we're looking for out of a negotiation.
***
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How the Keto Diet Went from Arctic Staple to Bro-ScienceThe keto diet is a high fat, low carb diet that proponents say is not just great for losing weight, but is good for your brain health, too. Does the science behind the diet back those claims up? We delve into the origin of the keto diet and the research done on it to find out.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Sources:
https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-1-2
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic37-3-302.pdf
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/franklin-expedition-ship-watson-ice-ghosts/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01821.x
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1684/epd.2010.0303.pdf
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-fat-fueled-brain-unnatural-or-advantageous/
http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Metabolism/Gluconeogenesis.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/acyl-group-definition-structure.html
http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/chapt16/bio1.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129159/
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mRyjDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&ots=UH9n5YfzTq&sig=wS4b7ZbFLO8-Qm4VyVaNywz1dXI#v=snippet&q=kg%20atp&f=false
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00915.x
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_01/i_01_m/i_01_m_ana/i_01_m_ana.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21130529/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728303
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.005
https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2016260.pdf
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804748#t=article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25911631
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/56/1/292S/4715743?redirectedFrom=PDF
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/6/2062/2843371
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/200094
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0026049583901063
https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2005
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686146
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686143?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=2686146
The Secrets of Extreme Breath HoldingTry Dashlane Premium free for 30 days here: https://www.dashlane.com/MinuteEarth. And use the coupon code ‘MinuteEarth’ to get 10% off a yearly membership.
Humans can hold our breath longer than we think by taking advantage of our body’s innate survival instincts - and then ignoring them.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Static Apnea: Holding your breath without swimming or moving.
Apneist: Someone who competes in apnea-related contests.
Fight or Flight Response: A set of physiological responses to a perceived mortal threat.
Mammalian Dive Reflex: A set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic reflexes.
Diaphragm: A strip of skeletal muscles underneath the lungs that contracts and flattens when you inhale. It starts spasming as part of involuntary breathing movements when the body starts to run out of oxygen.
Spleen: An organ that primarily acts as a blood filter that can deflate to return blood to the circulatory system.
Carbon Dioxide Tension: The increase in CO2 pressure in the blood as oxygen levels fall.
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If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
Mike Boyd learns how to hold his breath for 4 minutes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6iyDEWG1CU
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References:
Bain, A., Drvis, I., Dujic, Z., MacLeod, D., Ainslie, P. (2018). Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists. Experimental Physiology. 103 (635-651). Retrieved from: https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/EP086269.
Hutchinson, A. (2018). Pushing the Limits of Extreme Breath-Holding. New Yorker. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/pushing-the-limits-of-extreme-breath-holding.
Panneton, W. M. (2013). The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve Life? Physiology. 28(5): 284–297. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768097/.
Petrović, Branko (2019). Personal Communication.
Schagatay E, van Kampen M, Emanuelsson S, Holm B. (2000). Effects of physical and apnea training on apneic time and the diving response in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 82(3) : 161-9. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10929209.
Schagatay, Erika (2019). Personal Communication. Center of Information Services and High Performance Computing. TU Dresden. Department of Health Sciences. Mid Sweden University
How Quantum Computers Break Encryption | Shor's Algorithm ExplainedGo to http://www.dashlane.com/minutephysics to download Dashlane for free, and use offer code minutephysics for 10% off Dashlane Premium!
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This video explains Shor’s Algorithm, a way to efficiently factor large pseudoprime integers into their prime factors using a quantum computer. The quantum computation relies on the number-theoretic analysis of the factoring problem via modular arithmetic mod N (where N is the number to be factored), and finding the order or period of a random coprime number mod N. The exponential speedup comes in part from the use of the quantum fast fourier transform which achieves interference among frequencies that are not related to the period (period-finding is the goal of the QFT FFT).
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50 to 70 million people are thought to have some kind of sleeping disorder. If you're one of those people, desperate for a good night's sleep, scientists may have an option for you: rocking!
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Why is this painting so shocking? - Iseult GillespieDiscover the history and symbolism of Pablo Picasso’s powerful anti-war mural, “Guernica,” rendered in his signature Cubist style.
--
In 1937, in one of the worst civilian casualties of the Spanish Civil War, Fascist forces bombed the village of Guernica in Northern Spain. For Pablo Picasso, the tragedy sparked a frenzied period of work in which he produced a massive anti-war mural, titled “Guernica.” How can we make sense of this overwhelming image, and what makes it a masterpiece of anti-war art? Iseult Gillespie investigates.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Avi Ofer.
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The Limits of History: Crash Course History of Science #46It's the final episode of our History of Science series and we thought it would be good to talk a little about some of the people we couldn't get to and some of the reasons we need to talk about diversity in scientists. Thanks for the journey, everyone!
***
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What Would Happen if Honeybees Went Extinct?Check out American Spring Live on PBS (http://pbs.org/americanspringlive) and Facebook (http://facebook.com/pbsnature) to celebrate the start of spring.
You’ve probably heard about how the extinction of honeybees will lead to some sort of bee-pocalypse doomsday scenario for humanity. But what would actually happen if all the honeybees went extinct?
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Sources:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulrodgers/2014/09/09/einstein-and-the-bees-should-you-worry/#3d2d853c8157
https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/119780/files/An%20Economic%20Valuation%20of%20Pollination%20Services%20in%20Georgia.pdf
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/10/061025165904.htm
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/08/12/pollinator-myth-bees-responsible-one-third-global-food-heightening-crisis-like-7/
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721
https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Native_Pollinators.pdf
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150615-the-truth-about-bees
https://entomologytoday.org/2014/08/25/study-finds-honey-bees-originated-from-asia-not-africa/
https://ento.psu.edu/publications/van-mex-2010
https://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/honey-bees-a-history/?mtrref=search.yahoo.com&gwh=9C927781BD358FDB4BF82C932FD7CFA7&gwt=pay
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/01/27/581007165/honeybees-help-farmers-but-they-dont-help-the-environment
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/other-bee-species-subbing-for-honeybees/
http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/06/leap-faith-proves-pollination-can-be-honeybee-free
https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/53896
http://www.nationalacademies.org/OCGA/110Session1/testimonies/OCGA_149992
http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/10/native-bees-are-better-pollinators-honeybees
ttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/06/020613075535.htm
https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/UHMG/downloads/Bee_and_Pollinator_Pollination.pdf
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/357250/
https://fruit.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2011/05/Bumblebees-as-Pollinators-and-Management-Option.pdf
https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/111/1/16/4760481
https://news.wisc.edu/as-honeybee-colonies-collapse-can-native-bees-handle-pollination-2/
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/08/03/honeybees-pollinator-really-going-extinct/#.XIqyMChKiM8
http://cues.cfans.umn.edu/old/pollinators/pdf-BBcolony/2006nonativebee.pdf
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/diversity-bees-good-environmentand-farmers-wallets-180951339/
https://www.wired.com/2010/12/flowers-spread-bee-viruses/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278411186_Honeybee_pollination_of_exotic_weeds_a_key_threatening_process
https://www.sare.org/content/download/29728/413964/How_to_Manage_the_Blue_Orchard_Bee.pdf?inlinedownload=1
https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/alkali_bee.shtml
How does the stock market work? - Oliver ElfenbaumDownload a free audiobook version of "The Richest Man in Babylon" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://adbl.co/2GVBdZF
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In the 1600s, the Dutch East India Company employed hundreds of ships to trade goods around the globe. In order to fund their voyages, the company turned to private citizens to invest money to support trips in exchange for a share of the profits. In doing so, they unknowingly invented the world’s first stock market. So how do companies and investors use the market today? Oliver Elfenbaum explains.
Lesson by Oliver Elfenbaum, directed by Tom Gran & Madeleine Grossi.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lâm Nguyễn, Uirá Maíra Resende, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Adam Foreman, Jeremy Shimanek, Bethany Connor, Vivian & Gilbert Lee, Maryam Sultan, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Gabriel Balsa, Shafeeq Ansari, Norbert Orgován, Dowey Baothman, Amer Harb, Courtney Thompson, Guhten, Jordan Tang, Juan, Sid, Tracey Tobkin, emily lam, Kathryn J Hammond, Elliot Poulin, Noel Situ, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Latora Slydell, Sydney Evans, Victor E Karhel, Bernardo Paulo, Eysteinn Guðnason, Andrea Feliz, Natalia Rico, Josh Engel, Bárbara Nazaré, Gustavo Mendoza, Zhexi Shan, Hugo Legorreta, PnDAA, Sandra Tersluisen, Ellen Spertus, Fabian Amels, sammie goh, Mattia Veltri, Quentin Le Menez, Yuh Saito, Heather Slater, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Janie Jackson, Christophe Dessalles and Arturo De Leon.
5 Sci-Fi Futures We Actually Have to Worry AboutGo to http://curiositystream.com/scishow to start streaming Curious Minds: Nanotechnology. Use the promo code scishow during the sign-up process to get your first 31 days free.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reports/2008-1.pdf
Q&A With Grey: Favorites Edition???? Brought to you in part By Skillshare https://www.skl.sh/cgpgrey3 ????
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Does Ripping Off a Bandage Hurt Less?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
To peel slowly or just rip it off, what is the best way to take off an adhesive bandage? One study found some interesting results.
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Sources:
The Northern Renaissance: Crash Course European History #3The European Renaissance may have started in Florence, but it pretty quickly moved out of Italy and spread the art, architecture, literature, and humanism across Europe to places like France, Spain, England, and the Low Countries.
SOURCES:
Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019.
Jardine, Lisa. Erasmus, Man of Letters. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Donald R. Kelley, Renaissance Humanism. Boston: Twayne, 1991.
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--
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What That Pig Brain Study Really Tells UsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
This month, in a study that has the potential to change the way we think about death, scientists revealed that they successfully restored some processes in the brains of dead pigs -- at least partially. What did the study actually tell us, and what do these findings mean?
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Sources:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1099-1
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/168/3929/375
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899374904788
https://emj.bmj.com/content/24/7/511.short
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1713973
https://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fj.01-0504com
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01216-4
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01168-9
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01169-8
Why We Get Dizzy (…and Astronauts Don’t) ft. BrainCraft!You can check out Google's Science Journal app at http://g.co/ScienceJournal
Follow me to BrainCraft! ►► https://youtu.be/rSRS9acrog0
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
We’ve all gotten dizzy before… but have you ever gotten WEIRD DIZZY? I teamed up with Vanessa Hill from BrainCrat to answer the question “why do we get dizzy?” and in the process we learned about some very strange and hilarious ways to get extra-special dizzy! Get ready to learn about your vestibular system, the system that lets you know where your body is in space. You don’t even notice your vestibular system is there… until it stops working right! #dizzy #neuroscience #vestibular
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REFERENCES:
Blakley, B. W., & Siegel, M. (1995). Feeling dizzy: Understanding and treating dizziness, vertigo, and other balance disorders. New York: Macmillan.
Brandt, T. (2003). Vertigo: Its multisensory syndromes (2nd ed.). London: Springer.
Ekdale, E. G. (2016). Form and function of the mammalian inner ear. Journal of Anatomy, 228(2), 324-337.
Hayes, S. H., Dinga, D. Slavia, R. J., & Allman, B. (2013). Chapter 1 - Anatomy and physiology of the external, middle and inner ear. In Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology (pp. 3-23).
Plishka, C. M. (2015). A clinician’s guide to balance and dizziness: Evaluation and treatment. Thorofare, New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated.
Steward O. (2000) The Vestibular System. In Functional Neuroscience. Springer, New York, NY.
Welgampola, M. S., Bradshaw, A., & Halmagyi, G. M. (2011). Practical neurology part 4: Dizziness on head movement. Medical Journal of Australia, 195 (9): 518-522. doi: 10.5694/mja11.11001
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Where's My Bloodless Blood Sugar Monitor?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
There are about 450 million diabetics around the world, and while we do already have a reliable way of measuring blood sugar, it requires patients to prick their finger each time they want a reading. Is there a better way?
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Sources:
http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~campbell/resources/Bioanalytical-2012/glucose_sensors.pdf
https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1826/3453/Home%20Blood%20Glucose%20Biosensors%20a%20commercial%20prespective-2005.pdf%3Bjsessionid=79FB7AA3442BEAE663DF93DEB94CDA9D?sequence=1
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/dia.2015.0417
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/1/182/htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805693
https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0168822718302031?token=3E31D88ADA3E35C1950F0800BEF136E9DEB7325E09E0334E5777D8CAAA3F017CF7AFB8E8D32A3D4F7E7A01DC3BFA1697
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914017309098#bib8
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes/continuous-glucose-monitoring
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725934
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10544-007-9073-3
Can you solve the cuddly duddly fuddly wuddly riddle? - Dan FinkelYou’ve promised to get your son the cutest creature in creation: the cuddly. Can you outsmart the cuddly incubator and go home a hero?
--
You’ve promised to get your son the cutest creature in creation: the cuddly. It’s part of the Wuddly species, cousin to the terrifying duddly and the hideous fuddly. To make one, 100 eggs are placed in an incubator to undergo egg fusion, and the resulting combination will produce either a cuddly, a duddly or a fuddly. Can you make the right combination to get a cuddly? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Daniel Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ritul Raghavan, Mada Arslan, Nathan Giusti, Steven Razey, paul g mohney, Marisa Miller, Xavier dupont, Eliza Cram, David Lucsanyi, Vack91, calista, Mickey Mikeworth, Khalid AlAli, June Reiling, Jai Prasanth, Connor Ross McIntyre, Michele Lynn Rose, Elija Peterson, Kaitlyn holland, Scott Markley, Jan-Erik, Auxiliadora Trejos, Josue Perez Miranda, Jesse Jurman, NinjaBoffin, Siobhan O'Connor Gwozdz, Po Foon Kwong, Nazmul Idris, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Elizabeth Gu, Felderblick, Faizan, Rayo, Rare Media, France Lipuzic, Cristian Cristian, Eric McDaniel, Avinash Amarnath, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Dmitry Neverov, Connor Roberts, Regina Zurbano, Laurence McMillan, Monkeypatcher , Jorge Rodríguez, Bradley Heinold, John simmons, Ramanan, Mark Byers and Marcus Poulsen.
Magnetic Micro-RobotsTiny robots activated by magnetic fields may be used in future biomedical procedures. Start listening to Audible with a 30-day trial and your first audiobook, plus two Audible Originals free when you go to http://audible.com/veritasium or text veritasium to 500500
Huge thanks to:
Dr. Eric Diller, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Toronto
Research Referenced in this video:
"Millimeter-Scale Flexible Robots with Programmable Three-Dimensional Magnetization and Motions," by T. Xu; J. Zhang; M. Salehizadeh; O. Onaizah; E. Diller
http://robotics.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.aav4494
"Reconfigurable magnetic microrobot swarm: multi-mode transformation, locomotion and manipulation," by H. Xie; M. Sun; X. Fan; Z. Lin; W. Chen; L. Wang; Q. He
http://robotics.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.aav8006
"Catalytic antimicrobial robots for biofilm eradication," by G. Hwang; A.J. Paula; E.E. Hunter; Y.Liu; A. Babeer; B. Karabucak; K. Stebe; V. Kumar; E. Steager; H. Koo
http://robotics.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.aaw2388
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People are Manipulating You on Facebook - Smarter Every Day 215Thank you Facebook for being so open to this discussion.
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An update to about my barber's instagram account. It has been taken down. It's possible the username has been changed. We're not sure at this point if Facebook took it down, but it is no longer communicating with people in the community.
This is the third video in a Smarter Every Day series on social media manipulation.
Manipulating the YouTube algorithm:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PGm8LslEb4
Facebook statements on the Internet Research Agency:
https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/authenticity-matters/
Mark Zuckerberg:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mark-zuckerberg-the-internet-needs-new-rules-lets-start-in-these-four-areas/2019/03/29/9e6f0504-521a-11e9-a3f7-78b7525a8d5f_story.html?utm_term=.fe93ab549667
Follow NATO Strategic Communication Centre of Excellence : https://twitter.com/STRATCOMCOE
Check out "Robotrolling"
https://www.stratcomcoe.org/robotrolling-20191
NATO (Our interview took place on NATO's 70th birthday).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO
Renée Diresta is a Mozilla Fellow in Media, Misinformation, and Trust, where she researches unintended consequences of algorithms and works towards helping machines make better decisions. Renee also writes about disinformation and the changing face of information war — check out her essay “The Digital Maginot Line” (https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2018/11/28/the-digital-maginot-line) — and is a contributor to Wired Ideas (https://www.wired.com/author/renee-diresta).
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What's Better for Wounds: Scabs or Bandages?SciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
When someone gets a little scrape, it's pretty common for them to cover it with a bandage while it heals. There are some people, though, who think it's best to leave the wound uncovered and let your body do its healing thing. Who's right? Science holds the answer!
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Titan of terror: the dark imagination of H.P. Lovecraft - Silvia Moreno-GarcíaDive into the stories of horror savant H.P. Lovecraft, whose fantastical tales, such as “The Call of Cthulhu,” created a new era of Gothic horror.
--
Arcane books of forbidden lore, disturbing secrets in the family bloodline, and terrors so unspeakable the very thought of them might drive you mad. These have become standard elements in modern horror stories. But they were largely popularized by a single author: H.P. Lovecraft, whose name has become synonymous with the terror he inspired. Silvia Moreno-García dissects the “Lovecraftian” legacy.
Lesson by Silvia Moreno-García, directed by Globizco Studios.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Johnnie Graham, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Amber Alexander, Yelena Baykova, John C. Vesey, Karmi Nguyen, Chung Wah Gnapp, Jane White, BRENDAN NEALE, Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, Alex Pierce, Nick Cozby, Jeffrey Segrest, Anthony Arcis, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Kathryn Vacha, Allyson Martin, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, 张晓雨, Nishant Suneja, Javier Lara Rosado, Jerry Yang, Shubham Arora, Sebastian Regez, Danielle Downs, Clovis Norroy, Liz Candee, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Amy Lopez, SANG HAN, Aries SW, Sebastiaan Hols, João Henrique Rodrigues, Annastasshia Ames, Livia-Alexandra Sarban, Lee , Karthik Balsubramanian, Mathew Samuel, Turine Tran, Ido brown, Nathaniel Lupus, Anthony Benedict, Helen Lee, Minh Tran, Sami Khan, John Hong, Abeer Rajbeen, Yambu Ganesh Shaw, Aline de Paula Zillig and ml cohen.
A final game with Elwyn Berlekamp (Amazons) - NumberphileThe legendary Elwyn Berlekamp died on April 9, 2019. In a final filming session with Numberphile, the games expert taught us how to play Amazons. More links in full description below ↓↓↓
Extras from this interview: https://youtu.be/mTl7W18UwFM
Dots & Boxes with Elwyn: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KboGyIilP6k
Elwyn's own video on Amazons: https://youtu.be/_1NzUMWeU4c
Elwyn obituary in Berkeley News: https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/04/18/elwyn-berlekamp-game-theorist-and-coding-pioneer-dies-at-78/
Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile
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Climate Science: Crash Course History of Science #45Scientists tend to be careful and resistant to big claims. So evidence for the possible end of the living world took a while to be seen as such. In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, Hank talks to us about where Climate Science started and how it works today.
***
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The Strange, Frictionless World of SuperfluidsSciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
Imagine a cup of tea that doesn't obey the laws of physics, it pours out of the bottom of your cup while crawling up the sides to the top, and you'll have a pretty good picture of the ultracold phenomena of superfluids.
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The hidden network that makes the internet possible - Sajan SainiExplore how fiber optics uses light to transmit data at high speeds over long distances, and aims to expand our virtual world beyond the internet.
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In 2012, a team of researchers set a world record, transmitting 1 petabit of data— that’s 10,000 hours of high-def video— over a fifty-kilometer cable, in a second. This wasn’t just any cable. It was a souped-up version of fiber optics, the hidden network that links our planet and makes the internet possible. What is fiber optics and how does it work? Sajan Saini explores the vital technology.
Lesson by Sajan Saini, directed by Artrake Studio.
Learn more about integrated photonics: https://aimphotonics.academy
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Derek Drescher, Karisa Caudill, Zhong Ming Zenny Tan, Christina Salvatore, Brady Jones, Todd Gross, Alexis Hevia, Heidi Stolt, Robert Seik, Coenraad Keuning, Charles A Hershberger, Laura Cameron Keith, Abhishek Goel, Marc Bou Zeid, JY Kang, Anastasiia, Madee Lo, Arpita Singh, Karl Laius, Tu-Anh Nguyen, Guy Hardy, Brandy Sarver, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Akinola Emmanuel, igor romanenko, Dian Atamyanov, Abhishek Bansal, Austin Randall, Ryan B Harvey, Jennifer Kurkoski, phkphk123321, Arlene Weston, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Ten Cha, Les Howard, Kevin O'Leary, Francisco Leos, Robert Patrick, Marcus Appelbaum, Alan Wilder, Mohamed Elsayed, Aleksandr Lyozin, Angel Pantoja, Eimann P. Evarola, Carlos H. Costa, Tariq Keblaoui, Bela Namyslik, Nick Johnson, Won Jang and Sandra Fuller Bocko.
Why Is Lyme Disease Getting Worse?Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! https://twin-cities.umn.edu/
Lyme disease is spreading like wildfire around the world: here's why.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html
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Video Directors: David Goldenberg & Julián Gómez (@ittakesii)
Video Narrator: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
Brunner, J. L., LoGiudice, K., & Ostfeld, R. S. 2008. Estimating reservoir competence of Borrelia burgdorferi hosts: prevalence and infectivity, sensitivity, and specificity. Journal of medical entomology, 45(1), 139-147. http://bit.ly/2ZmxIDP
Keesing, F., et al. 2009. Hosts as ecological traps for the vector of Lyme disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Bological Sciences, 276(1675), 3911-3919. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2009.1159
Kilpatrick, A. M. et al. 2017 Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372: 20160117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0117
Magnaval, J. F., et al. 2016. A serological survey about zoonoses in the verkhoyansk area, northeastern siberia (sakha republic, Russian federation). Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 16(2), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1828
Ostfeld, R. S., et al. 2014. Life history and demographic drivers of reservoir competence for three tick-borne zoonotic pathogens. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107387.
Ostfeld, R. S., Levi, T. , Keesing, F. , Oggenfuss, K. and Canham, C. D. (2018), Tick‐borne disease risk in a forest food web. Ecology, 99: 1562-1573. doi:10.1002/ecy.2386
Robinson, S. J., et al. 2015. Disease risk in a dynamic environment: the spread of tick-borne pathogens in Minnesota, USA. EcoHealth, 12(1), 152-163. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10393-014-0979-y
Scott, J. D. et al. 2017. Lyme disease Bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, detected in multiple tick species at Kenora, Ontario, Canada. J. Bact. Parasitol, 8. http://bit.ly/2ZjOXWd
Vandenesch, A., et al. 2014. Incidence and hospitalisation rates of Lyme borreliosis, France, 2004 to 2012. Eurosurveillance, 19(34), 20883. http://bit.ly/2Dn693Q
Wu, X. B., et al. 2013. Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China. Parasites & Vectors, 6(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-119
5 Animals That Sleep Too Much (and One That Might Not Need To)SciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
In the animal kingdom, sleeping can be dangerous. Lying completely motionless and unconscious for hours at a time is just asking for trouble. There are, however, some sleepy risk-takers who spend almost all of their days snoozing.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
General:
https://www.semel.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/sleep/publications/Mammalian_Sleep.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08806-w
http://www.bu.edu/phylogeny/
Brown Bat:
http://biology.kenyon.edu/roth/Lesku%20et%20al.%202008%20SMR.pdf
https://www.semel.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/sleep/publications/09%20phylogeny%20Nature%20Reviews%20Neuroscience%20Siegel.pdf
http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/eptefusc.htm
Fruit flies:
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/2/eaau9253
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/02/scientists-say-every-animal-needs-sleep-these-fruit-flies-didn-t-get-memo
Fighter Pilots Seem to Have More Daughters — Why?Some people think that being a fighter pilot and a parent means that you will have a household full of daughters - but does the data back that up?
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.space.com/6354-space-station-astronauts-lose-bone-strength-fast.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919386
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5286758/
https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/174/5/523/21584200/milmed-d-01-1208.pdf
https://www.nature.com/scitable/popular-discussion/679
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3619847
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440662/
https://www.genome.gov/27561568/facts-about-the-x-chromosome/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9533502
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9647579
http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/countries-by-sex-ratio.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601106
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7109
Florence and the Renaissance: Crash Course European History #2The Renaissance was a cultural revitalization that spread across Europe, and had repercussions across the globe, but one smallish city-state in Italy was in many ways the epicenter of the thing. Florence, or as Italians might say, Firenze, was the home to a seemingly inordinate amount of the art, architecture, literature, and cultural output of the Renaissance. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo daVinci, Sandro Boticelli, and many others were associated with the city, and the money of patrons like the Medici family made a lot of the art possible. Today you'll learn about how the Renaissance came to be, and what impact it had on Europe and the world.
Our Sources:
Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019.
Donald R. Kelley, Renaissance Humanism. Boston: Twayne, 1991.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Laura Busby, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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#crashcourse #europeanhistory #renaissance
When and Where it Rains on the Sun | SciShow NewsOn SciShow News this week, Hank explains how it can rain on the sun and dives in to findings from the NASA twin study!
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/unexpected-rain-on-sun-links-two-solar-mysteries
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/plasma-rain-sun-atmosphere-falls-surprising-places
http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Spotlight/Magnetic/loops.html
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6436/eaau8650
https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/jhm-ahn040519.php
http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/04/twins-study-shows-spaceflight-changes-the-human-body
https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=584271/solicitationId=%7BFB444D79-7281-8884-2F71-D1182309CA95%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/HERO%20Overview%207-31-17.pdf
