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You might be familiar with the phrase "like water off a ducks back". But it's not that ducks don't get wet, it's that they get wet, with style.
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Sources:
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/763343
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.1c04480
https://www.tsfx.edu.au/resources/46606.pdf
https://news.mit.edu/2014/how-cormorants-emerge-dry-after-deep-dives-0616
http://naturevictoria.com/articles/buoyancy.html
Some Butterflies Are Secretly CannibalsSciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
In the insect world, there are few creatures as gentle and innocent as a butterfly. And yet, some butterflies have… an unexpected side to them.
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Sources:
Butterflies
https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.3532
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/09/science/butterflies-eating-caterpillars.html
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/928051
https://www.monarchwatch.org/milkweed/
https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/habitat/
Black Americans in the Civil War: Crash Course Black American History #18The American Civil War is one of the deadliest in US History, and let's just get this out of the way: it was about slavery. In the more than 150 years since the end of the Civil War, there have been many attempts to litigate the reasons for the war, but the reality is that the root of the division was slavery. As such, Black Americans experience in that war is particularly interesting. Today, we'll learn about how Black people fought and participated in the war, the Emancipation Proclamation, and lots more.
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Sources and References
-Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin, Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans, with Documents Second edition. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2017)
-Kevin Levin, Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War’s Most Persistent Myth (UNC Press, 2019).
-Ira Berlin et. al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
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Slowly Solving the Mystery of Turtle OriginsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. Sign up now and get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
The origin story of turtles is a mystery that has perplexed many for centuries, but thanks to more recent studies, we might be one step closer to figuring out their lineage.
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Women Can SEE Better Than Men, This is WHY!Women and men see different, this is the science of why!
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How To Solve Every Global CrisisCheck out the heroes who saved the ozone layer at https://futureoflife.org/future-of-life-award/
Lots of global problems seem intractable, but there’s a formula for success that we can follow.
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Ozone layer: A thin layer of ozone concentrated in the Earth’s stratosphere roughly 10 kilometers above that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation before it hits the Earth’s surface.
Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays of energy that come from the sun that can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms.
Chlorofluorocarbons: Also known as CFCs, these long man-made molecules used to be widely used refrigerants and solvents before it was discovered that - when exposed to ultraviolet radiation - their chlorine atoms would break off and combine with ozone molecules.
Smallpox: A virus that killed more than half a billion humans before being eradicated in 1980.
Disease Surveillance: A practice by which disease progressions are closely monitored in order to minimize the harm caused by outbreaks.
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REFERENCES
**************
Ochmann, Sophie, and Max Roser. “Smallpox.” Our World in Data, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox. Data on Smallpox.
Henderson, D A. SMALLPOX - the DEATH of a DISEASE : The inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer. S.L., Prometheus, 2021, pp. 57–61.
CDC. “History of Smallpox.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Feb. 2021, https://cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html.
Waxman, Olivia B. 2019. “Reagan Administration Officials at First Dismissed the Ozone Hole. Here’s What Changed.” Time. April 9, 2019. https://time.com/5564651/reagan-ozone-hole/
Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. 2007. “The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (12): 4814–19. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610328104.
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d. “Susan Solomon: Pioneering Atmospheric Scientist.” Celebrating200years.noaa.gov. Accessed July 20, 2021. https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/solomon/welcome.html.
Solomon, Susan. 2019. “The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole.” Nature 575 (7781): 46–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02837-5
Pyle, John, and Neil Harris. 2013. “Joe Farman (1930–2013).” Nature 498 (7455): 435–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/498435a.
Foege, William H, and Milbank Memorial Fund. House on Fire : The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox. Berkeley, University Of California Press, 2012
Future of Life Institute. “Future of Life Award 2020: Saving 200,000,000 Lives by Eradicating Smallpox.” Future of Life Institute, Lucas Perry, 11 Dec. 2020, https://futureoflife.org/the-future-of-life-podcast/.
You could have a secret twin (but not the way you think) - Kayla Mandel SheetsDownload a free audiobook version of “The Vanishing Half“ and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
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While searching for a kidney donor, Karen Keegan stumbled upon a mystery. After undergoing genetic testing, it turned out that some of her cells had a completely different set of genes from the others. And this second set of genes belonged to her twin sister— who had never been born. How did this happen? Kayla Mandel Sheets explores the condition known as chimerism.
Lesson by Kayla Mandel Sheets, directed by Luísa M H Copetti, Hype CG.
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 6, we investigate a mystery. Millennia ago, while much of the Earth was covered in ice, enormous animals lived on every continent except Antarctica. Species like ground sloths, mammoths, gomphotheres, sabertooth cats, even wombats the size of cars! Today, Africa is the only continent where these megafaunas still exist. Why? What happened to the rest of Earth’s giants?
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Why Y Chromosomes Won’t Be Around ForeverWe're generally taught that chromosomes determine an animal's sex, but it is way more nuanced than that.
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10 Extremely Valuable Lost TreasuresWhatever happened to pirate Amaro Pargo's treasure? Or over 90 classic episodes of Doctor Who?
In this episode of The List Show, host Erin McCarthy explores some of the most interesting and valuable pieces of lost treasure. From lost pieces of media to literal pirate booty, we'll be covering the amazing and tragic stories of valuables that seem to be gone forever.
In case you forgot, The List Show is a trivia-tastic, fact-filled show for curious people. Subscribe here for new Mental Floss episodes every Wednesday: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpZ5...
Why Curveballs Are in the Eye of the BeholderIn baseball, a curveball can be pretty hard for a batter to hit. And it turns out the reason why might have more to do with the batter's eyes than the pitcher's arm!
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Sources:
Vox “Watch: The optical illusion that makes it so hard to hit a curveball” https://www.vox.com/2015/6/23/8833851/curveball-illusion-science
The Washington Post “The surprising science of why a curveball curves” https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/07/12/the-surprising-science-of-why-a-curveball-curves/
Illumin Magazine “Setting the Curve: The Magnus Effect and its Applications” https://illumin.usc.edu/setting-the-curve-the-magnus-effect-and-its-applications/
The New York Times “Baseball’s Sticky Situation” https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/12/sports/baseball/ball-doctoring-spider-tack.html
Slate “How To Throw the Goopball” https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/10/the-physics-of-baseball-s-most-popular-illegal-pitches.html
Shapiro et al. 2010 “Transitions between Central and Peripheral Vision Create Spatial/Temporal Distortions: A Hypothesis Concerning the Perceived Break of the Curveball” https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013296#s2
A. Terry Bahill “The Science of Baseball: Batting, Bats, Bat-Ball Collisions, and the Flight of the Ball” https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Science_of_Baseball/t559DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=curveball+2015+prediction+vision&pg=PA276&printsec=frontcover
WIRED “A Curveball's Curve? It's All in Your Head” https://www.wired.com/2010/10/curveball-illusion/
Kwon et al. 2015 “Unifying account of visual motion and position perception” https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2015/06/11/1500361112.full.pdf
How Do Outbreaks Start? Pathogens and Immunology: Crash Course Outbreak Science #2You may not realize it, but your body is like a fortress, designed to defend you from tiny foreign invaders known as pathogens. This seemingly small world is actually super diverse, and sometimes super dangerous too. That’s why in this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, we’re going to get familiar with all different types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and more!
This episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
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Earth's mysterious red glow, explained - Zoe PierratExplore the phenomenon and uses of chlorophyll fluorescence, a small amount of light emitted by plants during photosynthesis.
--
In 2009, a satellite circled Earth, scanning and sorting the wavelengths reflecting off the planet’s surface. Researchers noticed something baffling: an unexpected wavelength of unknown origin. They tried looking at Earth with only this wavelength, and saw the planet covered in a red hue of varying intensity. So, what was going on? Zoe Pierrat explores the science of chlorophyll fluorescence.
Lesson by Zoe Pierrat, directed by Denis Chapon, The Animation Workshop.
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Metametaphysics (Eds. Chalmers, Wasserman)
An Introduction to Metametaphysics (Tahko)
Material Beings (Peter Van Inwagen)
Objects and Persons (Trenton Merricks)
Ordinary Objects (Amie Thomasson)
Ontology Made Easy (Amie Thomasson)
Ontology, Modality and the Fallacy of Reference (Michael Jubien)
Objects: Nothing our of the Ordinary (Daniel Z. Korman)
Composition as Identity (eds. Cotnoir, Baxter)
Truth and Ontology (Trenton Merricks)
Austere Realism (Horgan and Potrc)
The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are (Alan Watts)
PAPERS:
Thinking about Things (Jubien): https://www.jstor.org/stable/2676165
There are no Ordinary Things (Unger): https://www.jstor.org/stable/20115446
Against Parthood (Sider): http://www.tedsider.org/papers/nihilism.pdf
A Sweater Unraveled (Sidelle): https://www.jstor.org/stable/2671870
On What There Is (Quine): https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123117
Two Dogmas of Empiricism (Quine): https://www.theologie.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:ffffffff-fbd6-1538-0000-000070cf64bc/Quine51.pdf
Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology (Carnap): https://www.jstor.org/stable/23932367
Many-One Identity (Baxter): https://philpapers.org/rec/DONMI-2
Oneness, Aspects, and the Neo-Confucians (Baxter): https://www.academia.edu/39736289/Oneness_Aspects_and_the_Neo_Confucians
Why the debate about composition is factually empty (Balaguer): https://philpapers.org/rec/BALWTD
What's Out There (Christopher Baron)
Sleeping Dragon (Rob Kelly | Duncan Pittock)
For Whom The Bell Tolls (Oliver Ledbury)
Political Manoeuvres (Christopher Baron)
Desolate Dream (Sarah Ozelle)
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Hope Is Alive Toolkit (Erick DeVore)
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What Can We Learn from Baby's First Poop?Poop can be pretty gross, but newborn poop is in a league of its own! We can learn a lot from a baby’s first poop, which forms before it's even had its first meal.
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Sources:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-021-00904-0
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312818303172
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210429112409.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200708105945.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100827082153.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060720013112.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150713143646.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210510133138.htm
What Are Glaciers? Crash Course Geography #26Today we’re going to talk about glaciers. These behemoth globs of compressed ice and snow moving across the land created fertile soils and physical features while also serving as frozen time capsules. They recorded both Earth’s climatic history over several million years and contain clues to its climatic future. By now we hope it’s become clear that the Earth is ever-changing, and glaciers have often been a crucial part of that change from the erratic boulders found in New York City’s Central Park to the beautiful spire of the Matterhorn in the Alps on the border of the Italy and Switzerland.
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Seeing Sick Birds Boosts Canaries’ Immune ResponsesUnlike humans, domestic canaries don’t have the option of social distancing when one of their own is ill. But canaries may have evolved a nifty workaround for protecting their populations when disease strikes!
Hosted by: Niba Audrey Nirmal
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Sources:
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/poultry/mycoplasmosis/mycoplasma-gallisepticum-infection-in-poultry
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0125
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/canary-immune-system-sight-illness-sick-birds
https://animals.net/canary/
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/06/visual-immune-response-birds/619137/
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797610368064
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01397/full
Bigger Beaks Through Climate Change | SciShow NewsFor your chance to win the Tesla Model S Plaid and support a great cause, enter at https://www.omaze.com/scishow
Today we're talking about birds — from how they are evolving in response to climate change and how one species is surprisingly healthy, genetically, despite being critically endangered.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
Ryding S, Klaasen M, Tattersall GJ, Gardner JL, Symonds MRE. Shape-shifting: changing animal morphologies as a response to climatic warming. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.07.006
Press release: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/927171
Dussex et al. Population genomics analyses of the critically endangered kākāpō. Cell Genomics. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100002
Press release: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/927300
Frederick Douglass: Crash Course Black American History #17Clint Smith teaches you about one of the most famous writers, orators, and advocates of the 19th century, Frederick Douglass. Douglass was born in slavery, escaped to the North, and became one of the most influential people of his time. Douglass wrote about the experience of slavery in a way that captured the attention of people throughout the world, and his work and influence helped directly in the struggle to abolish slavery and achieve emancipation.
Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935
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Sources and References
-David Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018)
-Christopher James Bonner, Remaking The Republic: Black Politics and the Creation of American Citizenship (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020)
-Kellie Carter Jackson, Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019).
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Studying Poop to Save SpeciesPoop kind of stinks, but the stuff inside of poop can tell us a lot about the natural world.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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The Place Where Time Flows BackwardsWatch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth.
People all around the world tend to represent time via space, but there’s no consensus on which way time goes.
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Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
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REFERENCES
**************
Bergen, B. K. & Lau, T. T. C. (2012) Writing direction affects how people map space onto time. Frontiers in Psychology 3:109. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00109/full
Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric Structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1-28. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027799000736
Casasanto, D. & Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition 106 (2):579-593 http://lera.ucsd.edu/papers/duration-cognition-2008.pdf
Majid, A., Gaby, A., & Boroditsky, L. (2013). Time in terms of space. Frontiers in Psychology, 4: 554. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00554/full
Núñez, R., Cooperrider, K., Doan, D., & Wassmann, J. (2012). Contours of time: Topographic construals of past, present, and future in the Yupno valley of Papua New Guinea. Cognition, 124(1), 25– 35. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027712000571
Area of the Q - NumberphileJohnny Ball is back talking about Hippocrates, Lunes, and a Fancy Q.
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What makes a language... a language? - Martin HilpertDig into the distinction between a language and a dialect, and uncover the history of standardized languages.
--
Outside of China, Mandarin and Cantonese are often referred to as Chinese dialects, despite being even more dissimilar than Spanish and Italian. On the other hand, speakers of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, which are three distinct languages, can usually communicate with each other in their native tongues. So, when is speech considered a dialect versus a language? Martin Hilpert investigates.
Lesson by Martin Hilpert, directed by Luísa M H Copetti, Hype CG.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Valeria Sloan Vasquez, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, Brighteagle, LadyGeek, Curtis Light, Dianne Palomar, Marin Kovachev, Fahad Nasser Chowdhury, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Sunny Patel, Hoai Nam Tran, Stina Boberg, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Jurjen Geleijn, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Elena Crescia, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Mikhail Shkirev, Brian Richards, Cindy O., Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carolyn Corwin, Carsten Tobehn and Katie Dean.
Manipulating plant genes...through grafting!If you plant a seed from your orange, you might have to wait as long as 15 years to get a tree with fruit, which is kind of a bummer for the impatient types among us. Fortunately, there’s an age-old trick called grafting that can shorten that wait. And grafting do all kinds of other things, as well.
Hosted by: Rose Bear Don't Walk
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Sources:
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)00060-3
https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/39857/PDF
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2014.00727/full
https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.14383
https://ucanr.edu/repository/fileaccess.cfm?article=93250&p=LTIUZG
https://www.zmescience.com/science/domestic-science/tomtato-or-pomato-half-potato-half-tomato-plant-increases-crop-efficiency/
https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/66/8/2211/497463
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/9/1206
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593927/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138515002885
Polymer Chemistry: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #35So far in this series we’ve focused on molecules with tens of atoms in them, but in organic chemistry molecules can get way bigger! Polymers are molecules that contain hundreds, thousands, or even millions of identical subunits. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll look at different examples of addition and condensation polymers, learn about different types of polymerization, and see how a polymer’s morphology affects its properties. Plus we’ll see how some of the polymers we encounter every day were discovered by accident!
Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Misconceptions About the Victorian EraLearn the real stories behind "prude" Victorians, the history of the vibrator, and why Victorians never smiled in photos.
Host Justin Dodd (@juddtoday) breaks down some common myths and misconceptions about the Victorian Era
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Sources:
https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/how-does-glass-change-over-time/
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/Glass/glass.html
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%253A_Chemistry_(Averill_and_Eldredge)/12%253A_Solids/12.1%253A_Crystalline_and_Amorphous_Solids
http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/ice.html
https://www.sand.org/page/Glass_Production
https://www.corning.com/worldwide/en/innovation/materials-science/glass/how-glass-made.html
https://www.ehs.washington.edu/chemical/specific-chemical-hazards/crystalline-silica
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-071-amorphous-materials-fall-2015/lecture-notes/MIT3_071F15_Lecture2.pdf
https://theconversation.com/is-glass-a-solid-or-a-liquid-36615
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-05/iois-dco051221.php (also see original paper https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-021-00993-6)
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-01/caos-wsf011721.php (also see news article https://phys.org/news/2021-01-glassy-materials.html and original paper https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/3/eabd1958)
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/02/160208213843.htm (also see original paper https://www.pnas.org/content/113/7/1714)
https://sbir.nasa.gov/printpdf/53011
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-01/uob-iga012115.php (also see original paper https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7089 )
http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~rochefow/Polymer%20Course%20Notes%202018/Zanotto%20-%20Do%20Cathedral%20Glasses%20Flow.pdf
https://edu.rsc.org/analysis/do-you-really-know-what-glass-is/3008331.article
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/fda-sol101917.php (also see original paper https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022309317302685?via%3Dihub)
We're making hurricanes stronger #shortsWe're making hurricanes stronger. Here's how. #shorts #sponsored
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What Is Outbreak Science? Crash Course Outbreak Science #1Infectious disease has affected the human species for as long as we’ve existed, but in that time we’ve come a long way in understanding what they are and how they spread. In this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, we’ll introduce some of the core concepts that will help us throughout this series as we discover the effects of infectious disease, from the microscopic, to the societal level.
Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, which was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.
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The rise and fall of the Lakota Empire - Pekka HämäläinenTrace the rise and fall of the Lakota Empire which, at their height, were the most dominant power in the American West.
--
In 1776, a powerful empire was born in North America. The Lakotas had reached the Black Hills, the most sacred place and most coveted buffalo hunting grounds in the western plains. Located in what is now South Dakota, control of the Black Hills, or Paha Sapa, marked the tribe as the dominant power in the American West. Pekka Hämäläinen explores the rise and fall of the Lakota Empire.
Lesson by Pekka Hämäläinen, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi & Yijia Cao.
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You’re alive right now… at least I’m pretty sure you are. But you’re not TOTALLY alive. Bits of you are always breaking down, being thrown out, and being replaced. Even right now, parts of you are dying. Some of your cells even died before you were born. And some will never come back. These are all very strange, mildly uncomfortable things to think about. And what’s even stranger than that is a big fraction of your body is, was, and will never be alive. So how much of you is dead?
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Sniffing Out a Seabird in the DesertScientists have been searching for the hard-to-find nests of Storm Petrels in order to protect them, but first, they'll have to follow their nose.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
The Genetic Code Sucks. Let’s Do BetterYour genetic code is neat, but could be better!
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Chris Peters, Matt Curls, Kevin Bealer, Jeffrey Mckishen, Jacob, Christopher R Boucher, Nazara, charles george, Christoph Schwanke, Ash, Silas Emrys, KatieMarie Magnone, Eric Jensen, Adam Brainard, Piya Shedden, Alex Hackman, James Knight, GrowingViolet, Sam Lutfi, Alisa Sherbow, Jason A Saslow, Dr. Melvin Sanicas
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Sources:
Mukai et al. 2017 “Rewriting the Genetic Code” https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093247
Chin 2014 “Expanding and Reprogramming the Genetic Code of Cells and Animals”
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035737
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology112/chapter/the-genetic-code/
Khan Academy “Intro to gene expression (central dogma)” https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/intro-to-gene-expression-central-dogma
el-Showk 2014 “The Language of DNA” https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/accumulating-glitches/the_language_of_dna/
D’Onofrio and Abel 2014 “Redundancy of the genetic code enables translational pausing” https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2014.00140/full
Spencer and Barral 2012 “Genetic code redundancy and its influence on the encoded polypeptides” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962081/
Duton 1983 “The significance of redundancy in the genetic code” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519383903880
Sleiman et al. 2021 “A third purine biosynthetic pathway encoded by aminoadenine-based viral DNA genomes” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6541/516
Bain et al. 1992 “Ribosome-mediated incorporation of a non-standard amino acid into a peptide through expansion of the genetic code” https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ribosome-mediated-incorporation-of-a-non-standard-a-Bain-Switzer/a011e43038dd85ec8da081e59d73a6f0d8bd5164
Zhang et al. 2017 “A semisynthetic organism engineered for the stable expansion of the genetic alphabet” https://www.pnas.org/content/114/6/1317
Hoshika et al. 2019 “Hachimoji DNA and RNA: A genetic system with eight building blocks” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6429/884
Ernst et al. 2016 “Genetic code expansion in the mouse brain” https://www.nature.com/articles/nchembio.2160
Robertson et al. 2021 “Sense codon reassignment enables viral resistance and encoded polymer synthesis” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1057
Bethencourt 2009 “Virus stalls Genzyme plant” https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0809-681a
Jason Chin: "Reprogramming the genetic code" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gOImG7I5ek&t=520s
https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-D/degenerate_code.html#:~:text=Biology%20Glossary%20search%20by%20EverythingBio,by%20more%20than%20one%20codon.
https://www.britannica.com/science/amino-acid
The Dred Scott Decision: Crash Course Black American History #16In this video, we'll learn about the US Supreme Court decision in Scott vs Sanford, handed down in 1857. The case ultimately rejected the idea that Black people could be citizens of the United States, and this helped entrench the institution of slavery, denied a host of rights to a huge number of people (both enslaved and free), and increased the tensions between abolitionists and enslavers.
Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935
VIDEO SOURCES
https://www.britannica.com/event/Missouri-Compromise
Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (Oxford University Press, 1978).
https://www.npr.org/2020/09/18/914465793/ice-a-whistleblower-and-forced-sterilization
https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/immigration-detention-and-coerced-sterilization-history-tragically-repeats-itself/
The Historical Construction of Race and Citizenship in the United States - https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/8A0AE7EACD11F278C1256DD6004860EA/$file/Fredrick.pdf
THIND V. UNITED STATES (1923
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The Secret to Better Chocolate Was Inside Us All AlongResearchers have been able to engineer super-strong fibers made of muscle proteins with the help of protein-assembling microbes. And some other research might eliminate the need to temper chocolate, a part of the chocolate production process that is the bane of amateur bakers everywhere.
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Sources:
Muscles
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25360-6
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/926667
https://www.embl-hamburg.de/~wilmanns/titin/lit/tskhovrebova03.pdf
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/12/13/how-to-pronounce-the-longest-word-in-the-world/
Why Are Scorpions Fluorescent?Under UV light, almost all species of scorpions glow a bright green color, but why? Thanks to Capital One Shopping for sponsoring a portion of this video! Avoid Paying Full Price. Get Capital One Shopping for free using this link: https://capitaloneshopping.com/veritasium
A huge thanks to Prof. Carl Kloock for the interview and taking us scorpion hunting at the Panorama Vista Preserve. https://panoramavista.org/
▀▀▀
References:
Zwicky, K. T. (1968). A light response in the tail of Urodacus, a scorpion. Life Sciences, 7(6), 257-262. --https://ve42.co/Zwicky1968
Kloock, C. T. (2005). Aerial insects avoid fluorescing scorpions. Euscorpius, 2005(21), 1-7. -- https://ve42.co/Kloock2005
Gaffin, D. D., Bumm, L. A., Taylor, M. S., Popokina, N. V., & Mann, S. (2012). Scorpion fluorescence and reaction to light. Animal Behaviour, 83(2), 429-436. -- https://ve42.co/Gaffin2012
Kloock, C. T., Kubli, A., & Reynolds, R. (2010). Ultraviolet light detection: a function of scorpion fluorescence. The Journal of Arachnology, 38(3), 441-445. -- https://ve42.co/Kloock2012
Kloock, C. T. (2009). Reducing scorpion fluorescence via prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. The Journal of Arachnology, 37(3), 368-370. -- https://ve42.co/Kloock2009
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Written by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev
Animation by Iván Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang
Edited by Brian Kim
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And "Sneaky Snitch" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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Produced by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang and Petr Lebedev
We Skipped Flu Season. That's BadSciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
Some experts feared we were in for a "twindemic" during the 2020-2021 flu season. That didn't happen, which might mean that there will be more people susceptible to getting sick this year.
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What is MSG, and is it actually bad for you? - Sarah E. TracyDig into the seasoning known as MSG, and find out how this flavoring was developed and if it’s actually bad for your health.
--
In 1968, Dr. Robert Ho Man Kwok felt ill after dinner at a Chinese restaurant and wrote a letter to a medical journal connecting his symptoms to MSG. His letter would change the world’s relationship with MSG, inspiring international panic, biased science, and sensationalist journalism for the next 40 years. So what is this seasoning, and is it actually bad for you? Sarah E. Tracy investigates.
Lesson by Sarah E. Tracy, directed by Alopra Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matt Switzler, Leonardo Monrroy, Sumedh Ghaisas, Maryam, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rare Media, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, Xavier dupont, paul g mohney, Aravind Battaje, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, John Hong, Annastasshia Ames, Sean, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Anthony Arcis, Karmi Nguyen, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Robert Patrick, Les Howard, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Abhishek Bansal, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Christina Salvatore, Karlee Finch and Michael Goldberg.
We Can't Predict Earthquakes...Yet!Here on SciShow, we’ve talked quite a bit about how difficult it is to predict earthquakes, and how we prepare for them. So today, let’s take a tour of earthquake science!
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Original episodes:
Can We Predict Earthquakes? - https://youtu.be/gFB-qpiKccs
Can Animals Predict Earthquakes? - https://youtu.be/oSRQvyojOL8
The “Devil’s Staircase” Shows Why Earthquakes Are Hard to Predict - https://youtu.be/dRRZkj-nBJY
The Future of Earthquake-Proof Buildings - https://youtu.be/yJXjcCUpzeY
Are We Overdue for a Megaquake? - https://youtu.be/4DtsYqCPZI4
11 NASA Inventions We Use Every DayThe NASA inventions (or NASA spinoffs, as they're known inside the space agency) in this episode of The List Show pop up throughout our daily lives. Did you now that NASA helped give us scratch-resistant lenses, memory foam, and the image sensors used in smartphone cameras?
Erin (@erincmccarthy) touches on those NASA inventions and more in this not-so-out-of-this-world episode of The List Show.
In case you forgot, The List Show is a trivia-tastic, fact-filled show for curious people. Subscribe here for new Mental Floss episodes every Wednesday: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpZ5qUqpW4hW4zdfuBxMSJA?sub_confirmation=1
Dung Beetles: The Poop-Rolling Stargazers of the Serengeti | IN OUR NATURE“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 5, we meet some interesting bugs that use truly extreme senses to navigate their world. How do dung beetles use astronomy to roll their poo balls home? And what does a swarm of beetles descending on a packed football stadium have to do with forest fires? Welcome to the world of extreme animal senses.
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Opossum vs Possum #shortsOpossums and possums are awesome. Here’s how to tell the difference. #shorts
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The Weird, Colorful Glaciers The Sun Can’t MeltIn the Zagros Mountains of Iran lie some strange, multi-colored glaciers that don’t melt, even in the heat of summer. But, in a rainstorm, these glaciers will start to dissolve away.
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Sources:
Waltham 2008 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2008.00686.x
https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/366/1/229.abstract
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/MONO/nbsmonograph167.pdf
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/4168/irans-salt-glaciers
https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/geosights/onion-creek-salt-diapir/
Crash Course Outbreak Science PreviewWelcome to Crash Course Outbreak Science! What do pathogens actually do to us that makes us sick? Why do societies respond to outbreaks of infectious diseases the way they do? How can we stop the next outbreak? These are the kinds of questions we'll ask ourselves and answer as best we can over the next 15 episodes of this series. Join us and Dr. Pardis Sabeti as we look at outbreaks from the microscopic level, to the big picture, so that we can work together to stop future outbreaks and create a healthier future for everyone.
***
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The Universe is Hostile to ComputersTiny particles from distant galaxies have caused plane accidents, election interference and game glitches. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.
This video was inspired by the RadioLab Podcast "Bit Flip" https://ve42.co/BF -- they're brilliant science storytellers.
A Huge thanks to Dr Leif Scheick, Calla Cofield and the JPL Media Relations Team.
Thanks to Col Chris Hadfield. Check out his book: https://chrishadfield.ca/books/
▀▀▀
References:
J. F. Ziegler, "Terrestrial cosmic rays," in IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 19-39, Jan. 1996, doi: 10.1147/rd.401.0019. -- https://ve42.co/Ziegler1996
D. Binder, E. C. Smith and A. B. Holman, "Satellite Anomalies from Galactic Cosmic Rays," in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2675-2680, Dec. 1975, doi: 10.1109/TNS.1975.4328188 https://ve42.co/Binder1975
Ziegler, J. F., & Lanford, W. A. (1979). Effect of cosmic rays on computer memories. Science, 206(4420), 776-788 https://ve42.co/Ziegler1979
Drury, L. O. C. (2012). Origin of cosmic rays. Astroparticle Physics, 39, 52-60. https://ve42.co/Drury2012
Hess, V. (2018). On the observations of the penetrating radiation during seven balloon flights. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.02927. --https://ve42.co/Hess2018
Carlson, P., & De Angelis, A. (2011). Nationalism and internationalism in science: the case of the discovery of cosmic rays. The European Physical Journal H, 35(4), 309-329. -- https://ve42.co/Carlson2011
Höeffgen, S. K., Metzger, S., & Steffens, M. (2020). Investigating the effects of cosmic rays on space electronics. Frontiers in Physics, 8, 318. -- https://ve42.co/Hoeffgen2020
Edmonds, L. D., Barnes, C. E., & Scheick, L. Z. (2000). An introduction to space radiation effects on microelectronics. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. -- https://ve42.co/Edmonds2000
NASA Mars 2020 website covering the specifications of the Perseverance Rover https://ve42.co/RoverBrains
Australian Government Australian Transport Safety Bureau report on QF72 -- https://ve42.co/ASTBQantas
Australian Government Australian Transport Safety Bureau summary on QF72 --https://ve42.co/ASTBQantas2
Great Blog post about QF72 -- https://ve42.co/DempseyQantas
Michael Barr's report on the Toyota acceleration issue --https://ve42.co/Barr2015
NASA's Report on Toyota -- https://ve42.co/NASAToyota
T. C. May and M. H. Woods, "A New Physical Mechanism for Soft Errors in Dynamic Memories," 16th International Reliability Physics Symposium, 1978, pp. 33-40, doi: 10.1109/IRPS.1978.362815. --https://ve42.co/May1978
P. M. O'Neill and G. D. Badhwar, "Single event upsets for Space Shuttle flights of new general purpose computer memory devices," in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1755-1764, Oct. 1994, doi: 10.1109/23.317386. -- https://ve42.co/ONeill1994
Wikipedia about radiation hardening -- https://ve42.co/RadHardening
Toward Monitoring Fault-Tolerant Embedded
Systems (Extended Abstract) -- https://ve42.co/Goodloe2009
Article about speed run -- https://ve42.co/BurttSpeedrun
Article about speed run -- https://ve42.co/BountySpeedrun
Article about redundant systems in spaceflight -- https://ve42.co/NASAComputers
Article about the PowerPC750 -- https://ve42.co/Wener-FlignerNASA
Fuglesang C, Narici L, Picozza P, Sannita WG. Phosphenes in low earth orbit: survey responses from 59 astronauts. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006 Apr;77(4):449-52. PMID: 16676658. -- https://ve42.co/Fuglesang2006
Good article about Cosmic Rays causing flashes -- https://ve42.co/AtkinsonEye
Good article about radiation resistance -- https://ve42.co/RoverResistance
Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Paul Peijzel, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Sam Lutfi, MJP, Gnare, Nick DiCandilo, Dave Kircher, Edward Larsen, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal
Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Iván Tello, Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Charlie Davies
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The infamous overpopulation bet: Simon vs. Ehrlich - Soraya Field FiorioDiscover an infamous bet between two professors, which sought to predict whether the earth would run out of resources due to a growing human population.
--
In 1980, Paul Ehrlich and Julian Simon bet $1,000 on a question with stakes that couldn’t be higher: would the earth run out of resources to sustain a growing human population? They bet $200 on the price of five metals. If the price of a metal decreased or held steady over the next decade, Simon won. If the price increased, Ehrlich won. So, what happened? Soraya Field Fiorio investigates.
Lesson by Soraya Field Fiorio, directed by Avi Ofer.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Karen Warner, Isorn Sookwanish, Iryna Panasiuk, Diane Gallin, Aaron Torres, Vasundhar, Eric Braun, Denka Wee, Sonja Worzewski, Amy, Michael Clement, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Ron Kakar, Megulo Abebe, TAO7CADENCE, isolwi, Vedasheersh, Michael Chang, Waqar Sheikh, Irene Y., Kate Sem, VPpurplebelt, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Phan Quang Lam, Katie McDowell, Allen, Sarat Chandra Vegunta, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Paul Aldred-Bann, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Adriano Fontes, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, SpartacusDMR, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya and Daisuke Goto.
Why Can’t We Make New Stradivari Violins?Head to https://cometeer.com/scishow to bypass the waitlist and receive 50% off your Cometeer order
Stradivarius are synonymous with quality, but how we can replicate their sound is a mystery!
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Groundwater & the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Crash Course Geography #25The Arab-Israeli Conflict, which is the ongoing political tensions and military conflicts between Arab nations and Israel, is one of the longest and most complex disputes in the world. Today, we're going to focus on more recent events, and look specifically at the role groundwater plays in preventing a pathway to peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Groundwater makes up the largest portion of available fresh water on Earth, but as we'll see, access isn't always fair and its availability doesn't always line up neatly with political borders.
***
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Seven Ways Poop Saves LivesWhen’s the last time you thought about what your poop can do for you? If you think the answer is “not much,” do we have news for you!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Original Episodes:
Camel Dung was The First Probiotic - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDJho-H42oc
The First Conservation Efforts Protected… Poop?! - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIIsbSB5yzU
Whale Poop Helps Cool Our Planet - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcHuW4rCCNY
Why Pandas LOVE Rolling in Horse Manure - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jntKiLabHMU
Warding Off Murder Hornets with... Poop? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpvaGlQs8xk
The Carnivorous Plants That Gave Up Meat for Poop - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heZUA5rQvBM
This Beetle Crawls Through Frog Intestines to Survive Being Eaten - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wFONnzehz4
This Tortoise Has a Taste for Blood | SciShow NewsYou're entering a world, where one of the most blood thirsty predators, is a giant tortoise
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Sources:
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)00917-9
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/925589
https://doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092-7.3.562
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02451.x
https://doi.org/10.1676/04-056
The Underground Railroad: Crash Course Black American History #15Escape was one of the many ways that enslaved people resisted their captivity in the system of American slavery. The Underground Railroad was not literally a railroad. It was a network of people, routes, and safe houses that helped people escape from slavery in the south to freedom in the north. Today we'll talk about the origins of the Underground Railroad, the systems that helped people escape, and the people who helped along the route.
Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935
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Why Do Hobbits Need SEVEN Meals?Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth.
Because smaller animals have to eat more relative to their bodyweight, Tolkein’s hobbits need to eat a lot - not for comfort, but for survival.
LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Square-cube Law: A mathematical principle which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases.
Kleiber’s Law: The observation that, for the vast majority of animals, an animal's metabolic rate scales to the 3⁄4 power of the animal's mass.
Calorie: Unit of energy. One food calorie equals 1 kilocalorie.
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CREDITS
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Cameron Duke | Script Writer
David Goldenberg | Script Editor, Narrator and Director
Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
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Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
REFERENCES
**************
Kleiber, M. (1947). BODY SIZE AND METABOLIC RATE. Physiological Reviews, 27(4), 511–541. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1947.27.4.511.
Dawson, N. (1967). The Surface-Area/Body-Weight Relationship in Mice. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(3), 687. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1071/bi9670687.
How Much Does an Elephant Weigh? (2019, September 26). Wonderopolis.org. Retrieved from: https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-much-does-an-elephant-weigh
Thommen, Albert, et al. “Body Size-Dependent Energy Storage Causes Kleiber’s Law Scaling of the Metabolic Rate in Planarians.” (2019) ELife, eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, 4 Jan. 2019. Retrieved from: http://www.elifesciences.org/articles/38187.
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., & Enquist, B. J. (1997). A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology. Science, 276(5309), 122–126. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.122.
Is this the most successful animal ever? - Nigel HughesDiscover the creatures known as trilobites, one of Earth’s most successful early animals, and find out what led to their extinction.
--
Prevailing for around 270 million years and encompassing more than 20,000 distinct species, trilobites are some of the most successful lifeforms in Earth’s history. When they sprung into existence, they were among the most diverse and sophisticated organisms on the planet and so had a unique perspective on the ancient world. Nigel Hughes details the rise and fall of these hardy creatures.
Lesson by Nigel Hughes, directed by Zsuzsanna Kreif, The Animation Workshop.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Javier Aldavaz, Ivan Yeung, Jaime Camacho, Brian Elieson, Grayson Garbarino, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Stefano Esposito, Nevin Spoljaric, Yvonne Feijoo, Sid Chanpuriya, Arjay Arcinue Dineros, Anoom Yasmin, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, B, Jason Harrison, Erica Guerrero, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Milo Vermeulen, Ryan Weiler, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Zongpu Kou, Cameron Chakraverty, Petr Vacek, Rhys Patterson, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Katrina Adams, Regina Post, Mary Collins, Kari Teffeau, clumsybunnie, Adam Leos, Jeremy Laurin, Cindy Lai, Liz, Bhargav Pandravada, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Alejandro Gomez and Tom Boman.
6 Toilets From History, and What They Taught UsThis episode of SciShow is brought to you in partnership with Gates Notes. You can go to https://www.gatesnotes.com/Development/10-years-of-reinventing-the-toilet to read about the latest innovations in toilets and sanitation, and to learn more about the “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge,” which is celebrating its 10th anniversary this year.
Across the world, and throughout history, different peoples have developed different ways to deal with their own waste. And while they didn’t always nail the design, their efforts to keep themselves safe have led to the thrones and sanitation systems we know and love today.
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The Speedy Cold-Hearted TunaMost fish are pretty sluggish in the cold. But the Pacific bluefin tuna is one of the fastest apex predators in the frigid Pacific ocean. Their physiology has adapted to help them retain more of the heat their bodies produce, except when it comes to their cold, cold hearts.
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How we can detect pretty much anything - Hélène Morlon and Anna PapadopoulouExplore how scientists use environmental DNA (eDNA) in a technique called DNA metabarcoding to find and track species.
--
Scientists have been staking out a forest in Montana for an animal that’s notoriously tricky to find. Camera traps haven’t offered definitive evidence, and experts can’t identify its tracks with certainty. But within the past decades, researchers have developed methods that can detect even the most elusive species. So how does it work? Hélène Morlon & Anna Papadopoulou dig into DNA metabarcoding.
Lesson by Hélène Morlon and Anna Papadopoulou, directed by Blok Magnaye.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! David D, Zuko Gameplays, Jonathan Bates JBZ, Aria Smith, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Camehira, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Jayson Gasper Ayson, Jayson Murray, Maxwell Ramsby, Dmitry Yuryev, Kitick, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Juan Pablo Rodriguez Morales, ANNE FINE, Gerardo Castro, Siddharth Toshniwal, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, Aravind C V, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vandana Gunwani, LvL042, Abdulmohsin Almadi, Andrew Brodski, AJ Lyon, John van den Berg, Anandha Krishnan, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert and Christopher McVay.
The Lightning Algorithm - NumberphileMatt Henderson is making lightning in mazes.
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The Salamander That Refuses to Grow UpIf you hear the word “baby-faced” you might picture a doe-eyed celebrity who never seems to age. But, really, you should be thinking of the axolotl. However, it is possible to transform these otherwise forever-babies, causing them to lose that youthful glow.
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Why Does Jakarta Flood So Easily? Crash Course Geography #24Today we're going to talk about how and why floods happen both in spite of, and because of, us. Specifically, we'll take a closer look at the island of Java, and its largest city, Jakarta, and explain the factors that lead to serious flooding almost annually. We'll also show you how mangroves can help protect us from flooding, and how wetlands along floodplains act like the kidneys of the Earth filtering out impurities and pollutants.
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Good VibrationsCan you feel them in your fingers? How about in your lungs? Vibrations are all around us, so let’s explore some everyday vibrations!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Original Episodes:
Bird Eggs Warn Each Other About Danger - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uptKgU701kM
Why Do Bees Buzz? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_jDWIRhFF4
No Ears, No Problem - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WJR-A8NHsA
Why You Think Your Phone Just Buzzed - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDmucVCh9X4
Can You Break Glass With Your Voice? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fykxT-cWibM
Cymatics: Turning Sound Into Art - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHhVGWj5q5Y
How Carburetors are Made (Basically Magic) - Holley Factory Tour | Smarter Every Day 261Transparent Carburetor Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toVfvRhWbj8
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Go to https://buyraycon.com/smarter for 15% off your order. Brought to you by Raycon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor
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There’s Hope in the Latest Climate ReportThis episode is sponsored by Wren, a website where you calculate your carbon footprint. Sign up to make a monthly contribution to offset your carbon footprint or support rainforest protection projects: https://www.wren.co/start/scishow
We recently got an important update from the IPCC, the definitive source on the climate crisis. And while there's not a ton of good news, there are some bits of hope if we can ramp up our actions now.
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Sources:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf [PDF]
https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/09/climate/climate-change-report-ipcc-un.html
Maria Stewart: Crash Course Black American History #14Clint Smith teaches you about Maria Stewart, a Black woman who lived in the 19th century, and was a pioneering abolitionist, writer, and orator. When studying history, we often focus on the big picture and world-changing events. Today we'll focus on how one woman flouted the social conventions of her time and place and became a notable public speaker, thinker, and writer.
Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935
VIDEO SOURCES
-http://www.davidwalkermemorial.org/david-walker
-https://time.com/5786710/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality/
-https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later
-Kimberle Crenshaw, Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics 31.
-Maria W. Stewart, America’s First Black Woman Political Writer: Essays and Speeches, edited and introduced by Marilyn Richardson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987)
-Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: HarperCollins, 1984).
https://www.nps.gov/people/maria-w-stewart.htm
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Michael Wang, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, JJurong, Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Why Sharks Are Covered In TeethWatch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at http://www.curiositystream.com/minuteearth.
Sharks wouldn’t be known for their fierce teeth today if it weren’t for their ancient scales.
LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Dermal denticles: also called placoid scales, they’re the most primitive form of fish scales that are structurally similar to teeth and are today found only in sharks, rays, and chimaeras.
Outside-in theory: The strongest theory for the evolution of teeth, which are thought to have evolved from dermal denticle scales.
Ostracoderms: Extinct armored jawless fish that lived in the Paleozoic Era
Thelodonts: Extinct jawless fish that had individual scales as opposed to plates of armor
Placoderms: Now extinct, they were some of the first jawed fish and lived from the Silurian through the Devonian era.
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CREDITS
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Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Kate Yoshida | Co-Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
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Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
REFERENCES
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Donoghue, Philip CJ, and Martin Rücklin. "The ins and outs of the evolutionary origin of teeth." Evolution & development 18.1 (2016): 19-30. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ede.12099
Fraser, Gareth J., et al. "The odontode explosion: the origin of tooth‐like structures in vertebrates." Bioessays 32.9 (2010): 808-817. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/20188/3/nihms266189.pdf
Huysseune, Ann, Jean‐Yves Sire, and P. Eckhard Witten. "Evolutionary and developmental origins of the vertebrate dentition." Journal of Anatomy 214.4 (2009): 465-476. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736119/
Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Eating Was Tough For Early Tetrapods." (2013): 390-391. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6118/390.full
