How a Century-Old Procedure Could Help Us Fight COVID-19Some potentially good news on the COVID-19 treatment front: Thanks to a technique that’s more than a century old, recovered COVID-19 patients may be in a position to help the rest of us -- with their blood plasma.
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Sources:
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/fromdnatobeer/exhibition-interactive/illustrations/diphtheria-alternative.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151993/
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html
https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/vaccine_intro_resources/nvi_guidelines/en/
https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/vaccine-development-testing-and-regulation
https://www.historyofvaccines.org/timeline/all
https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-long-will-it-take-to-develop-a-coronavirus-vaccine
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1883762/?page=1
Immunology by David K. Male:https://books.google.com/books?id=gE6o5ZRJUawC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=antibody+generator&hl=en#v=onepage&q=antibody%20generator&f=false
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1883762/?page=1
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/facts/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781783/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060830075728.htm
https://dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/manuscripts/101000/101557/JCI44101557.pdf
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.20030189v1
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365v2
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763983
https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma
https://www.cpr.org/2020/05/07/early-results-show-convalescent-plasma-a-promising-treatment-for-some-colorado-covid-19-patients/
https://www.cpr.org/2020/05/05/coronavirus-plasma-treatment-recipient-dies-from-virus/
https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/211/1/80/799341
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-004-1271-9
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/138745
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID-19&term=convalescent+plasma&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=
https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32296259
https://www.pnas.org/content/117/17/9490
How The Trapper Keeper Trapped Students' HeartsThe Trapper Keeper was a well designed binder and folder system that could organize up to six subjects worth of school materials. But Trapper Keepers didn’t work their way into the hearts of America’s youth with angled pockets or intelligent modular design. From Lisa Frank covers to the stickers and doodles students added on their own, The Trapper Keeper brought fun and individuality to the often-drab world of school supplies.
In this episode of Throwback, Erin (@erincmccarthy) traces the surprisingly windy road that led to three-ringed glory…or at least to a sweet binder with a picture of Sonic the Hedgehog on the front. She makes a detour to discuss some other high-water marks in recent school supply history, from scented Mr. Sketch markers to those tiny little erasers shaped like animals.
Throwback is a new series from Mental Floss where we take a deep dive into some of the most fascinating stories behind the toys, trends, and events you might remember from your childhood. This episode is all about one of our favorite school supplies from the 80s (even though it technically came out in the 70s).
For even more Trapper Keeper facts, check out Erin’s piece on the Mental Floss website, The History of the Trapper Keeper: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/52726/history-trapper-keeper
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The Little Lobster That Reveals ClimateThanks again to the Monterey Bay Aquarium for partnering with us on this episode of SciShow. The Aquarium’s mission is to inspire conservation of the ocean. So give them a follow on their social media accounts or visit their website at http://montereybayaquarium.org. If you’re able to, please consider making a donation to help the Aquarium continue their mission while they’re closed. Your gift will be put to work immediately for ongoing animal care and maintenance of the Aquarium: https://mbayaq.co/2zbN5GX
Pelagic red crabs are actually lobsters - and that’s not even the weirdest thing about them! They sometimes wash up on shore in droves, signaling large scale climate events like El Niños and serving as a warning to marine biologists of our changing climate.
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.2307/1367007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.05.018
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-015-0938-8
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3
https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/7411/v21n3-394-403.pdf
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/annual-mass-strandings-pelagic-red-crabs-pleuroncodes-planipes-crustacea-anomura-galatheidae
https://sanctuarysimon.org/2018/11/pelagic-red-crabs-enter-monterey-bay-1959-1969-1982-1983/
Is There A Better Way To Power Airplanes?This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about his work on clean energy, visit https://gatesnot.es/2WDTJ1L
It’s hard to replace jet fuel because the alternatives aren’t energetic enough, are too dangerous, or aren’t yet being made at scale.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Jet fuel - a liquid petroleum fuel with high specific energy and energy density, used in airplane jet engines, made of kerosene with a few additives
Specific Energy - how much energy something contains per unit mass
Energy Density - how much energy something contains per unit volume
Synthetic jet fuel - a jet fuel replacement, typically aiming to have lower life cycle environmental impacts than jet fuel (AKA: sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), alternative jet fuel, renewable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel, biojet fuel, sustainable alternative fuel)
Kerosene - a petroleum product that is the main component of jet fuel (and old fashioned lanterns)
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If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
What you get from a barrel of oil - https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/
Real Engineering: Are Electric Planes Possible? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNvzZfsC13o&feature=youtu.be
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References:
ATAG. Nov 2017. Beginner’s Guide to Sustainable Aviation Fuel, Edition 3. https://bit.ly/2AcJLLW Accessed Jan 2020.
ATAG. “Producing sustainable aviation fuel” https://bit.ly/3gncnmh Accessed Jan 2020
Burton, Freya. Personal communication, Feb 2020
Caldeira, K. Personal communication, Feb 2020
Cey, E., et al. 2019. Energy Education. “Oil formation.” https://bit.ly/3ej8r3Y Accessed Jan 2020
Chuck, C. (Ed.). 2016. Biofuels for aviation: feedstocks, technology and implementation. Academic Press
Goldmann, A., et al. 2018. A study on electrofuels in aviation. Energies, 11(2), 392. https://bit.ly/2AfRUis
Hileman, J. I., & Stratton, R. W. 2014. Alternative jet fuel feasibility. Transport Policy, 34, 52-62. https://bit.ly/2X8832H
IATA. May 2019. “Sustainable Aviation Fuels Fact sheet.” https://bit.ly/2ZO2BDX Accessed Jan 2020
IATA. December 2019. "Fuel Fact Sheet." https://bit.ly/3dcJ0Ry Accessed March 2020
Le Feuvre, P. 18 March 2019. Are aviation biofuels ready for take off? https://bit.ly/2XA5R2T
Lehtveer, M., Brynolf, S., & Grahn, M. 2019. What Future for Electrofuels in Transport? Analysis of Cost Competitiveness in Global Climate Mitigation. Environmental science & technology, 53(3), 1690-1697. https://bit.ly/3d96QgX
McKinsey. Energy Resources. https://bit.ly/2M7pYzW Accessed December 2019.
Monroe Aerospace. 29 April 2019. Why Airplanes Use Kerosene Rather Than Plain Gasoline for Fuel. https://bit.ly/3d8FpnD
Searle, S. 15 Nov 2018. Decarbonizing aviation through low-carbon fuels will be beyond difficult. https://bit.ly/2zAN1kc
Shaw, R.J. 12 June 2014. "How does a jet engine work?" https://go.nasa.gov/2XOwG3F Accessed Jan 2020
Sindreu, J. 10 Jan 2020. The Promise of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Isn’t for Today. https://on.wsj.com/3gthykv
Wikipedia. "Nuclear Powered Aircraft” https://bit.ly/2ZGECGw Accessed Jan 2020.
What is phantom traffic and why is it ruining your life? - Benjamin SeiboldDownload a free audiobook version of "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
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You’re cruising down the highway when all of a sudden endless rows of brake lights appear ahead. There’s no accident, no stoplight, no change in speed limit, or narrowing of the road. So why is there so much traffic? It's due to a phenomenon called a phantom traffic jam. Benjamin Seibold explains why it happens and how we might prevent it in the future.
Lesson by Benjamin Seibold, directed by Cris Wiegandt.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Samantha Chow, Philippe Spoden, Phyllis Dubrow, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Cas Jamieson, Ophelia Gibson Best, Amber Wood, Paul Schneider, Jun Cai, Tim Robinson, Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, cnorahs, Lyn-z Schulte, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Milad Mostafavi, Аркадий Скайуокер, Kiara Taylor, Louisa Lee, eden sher, Vignan Velivela, Sage Curie, Srikote Naewchampa, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Faiza Imtiaz, Martin Stephen, Jerome Froelich, Dan Paterniti, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mullaiarasu Sundaramurthy, Elnathan Joshua Bangayan, Caleb ross, Duo Xu, Quinn Shen, Marvin Vizuett, Sid, Marylise CHAUFFETON, Karen Goepen-Wee, Sama aafghani, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Kris Siverhus, Jason Weinstein, Tony Trapuzzano and Devin Harris.
How to Make a COVID-19 VaccineOne year to eighteen months might seem like a while to wait for a COVID-19 vaccine, but there's a good reason finding and approving a candidate takes a whole lot of time.
COVID-19 New and Updates: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsNB4peY6C6IQediwz2GzMTNvm_dMzr47
Hosted by: Hank Green
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3D Structure and Bonding: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #4The organic molecules that make up life on Earth are more than just the 2-D structures we’ve been drawing so far. Molecules have 3-D shapes that help us understand what they can do. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll learn how orbital hybridization and valence bond theory can help us explain 3D molecular structures and about constitutional and geometric isomers.
Episode Sources:
Discovery of DNA Double Helix: Watson and Crick | Learn Science at Scitable
Citation: Pray, L. (2008) Discovery of DNA structure and function: Watson and Crick. Nature Education 1(1):100
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-structure-and-function-watson-397/
Nature 1953.
Watson J.D., Crick F.H. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 1953;171:737–738.
Harding, S. E., Channell, G., & Phillips-Jones, M. K. (2018). The discovery of hydrogen bonds in DNA and a re-evaluation of the 1948 Creeth two-chain model for its structure. Biochemical Society transactions, 46(5), 1171–1182. doi:10.1042/BST20180158
Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.
***
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Food History: ChocolateChocolate's history starts with human sacrifice, and ends with Hershey-themed roller coasters. So, needless to say, it's an interesting one.
Napoleon, Columbus, and Marie Antoinette all play a role in the story of chocolate. But the chocolate of just a few centuries ago wasn't anything like the chocolate we know today. Join host Justin Dodd on the strange and complex journey that led us to the chocolate bars on our shelves.
Food History is a series from Mental Floss where we dive deep into the culinary stories that lead to the food on our plates. If you have an idea for a dish, cooking technique, or cuisine that you’d like us to explore in a future episode, tell us in the comments.
For some more condiment fun, check out our article about the most popular condiment in each state of the United States: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/5...
And for the origins of many other foods, check out our episode of the List Show https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mTpr...
The Plant That Grows Perches for BirdsThe rat's tail plant, or Babiana ringens earns its name for the distinct stem that grows above its flowers. But what's the purpose of this odd looking appendage?
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Why should you read “Moby Dick”? - Sascha MorrellDive into Herman Melville’s classic novel “Moby Dick,” the story of Captain Ahab’s hunt for revenge against the white whale who bit off his leg.
--
A mountain separating two lakes. A room papered floor to ceiling with bridal satins. The lid of an immense snuffbox. These seemingly unrelated images take us on a tour of a sperm whale’s head in Herman Melville’s "Moby Dick." Though the book features pirates, typhoons, high-speed chases, and giant squid, it’s anything but a conventional seafaring adventure. Sascha Morrell digs into the classic novel.
Lesson by Sascha Morrell, directed by Martina Meštrović.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicolle Fieldsend-Roxborough, John Saveland, Jason Garcia, Robson Martinho, Martin Lau, Senjo Limbu, Joe Huang, SungGyeong Bae, Christian Kurch, Begum Tutuncu, David Matthew Ezroj, Sweetmilkcoco, Raphaël LAURENT, Joe Meyers, Farah Abdelwahab, Brian Richards, Divina Grace Dar Santos, Jessie McGuire, Abdullah Altuwaijri, Sarah Burns, Clement , Hadi Salahshour, FAWWAZ GHUWAIDI, Dino Biancolini, Reagen O'Connor, Nicu Boanda, Cindy O., Karla Brilman, Jørgen Østerpart, Sergi Páez, rakesh Katragadda, Carolyn Corwin, Charlene You, Boris Langvand, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Carsten Tobehn, Kin Lon Ma, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Eunsun Kim, Katrina Harding, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Astia Rizki Safitri, Côme Vincent, Antony Lee, Melissa Sorrells, Rakshit Kothari, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati and Simon Holst Ravn.
Fighting COVID-19 With... Llamas?!Scientists have been researching whether or not antibodies from COVID-19 patients might help those infected with the virus, and one study has found promising results, in a llama.
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5 Inventions Showing Us the Future of Solar EnergyWhen you imagine the energy of the future, solar power is probably in the picture – but in recent years, less than 2% of the world’s electricity has come from solar power. Here are 5 new inventions that are likely to change that.
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Why Killer Whales Migrate (It's Not Why You Think)Killer whales migrate thousands of kilometers across oceans, because it's good for their skin?
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Sources:
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/scientists-say-they-ve-cracked-mystery-why-whales-migrate-and-it-s-all-about-healthy#
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mms.12661
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01289.x
https://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T3zGDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=rfN8LDuhok&sig=VzYp2hLWfVxkTn7hfsnhrtg4Wvg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=migrate&f=false
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022519385700203
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0875
From Showers to Sleep: Science Hacks for Your Everyday LifeFrom calories to sleep, there always seems to be something we're not doing right. Luckily scientists have looked into this and come up with some helpful advice to keep us happy and healthy.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Why You Can't Build A Clone Army... (Yet)Sign up for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/2UGB30qCbvs.
Because of the way genetic reprogramming works, it’s hard to make one clone based on an adult cell, and it’s almost impossible to make a second-generation one.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Cell: The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.
Clone: An organism produced asexually from one ancestor, to which they are genetically identical.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main component of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Embryo: An unborn or unhatched offspring early in the process of development.
Enzyme: A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
Gene: A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring. These are encoded within DNA and help determine traits.
Genetic Reprogramming: This refers to erasing and remodeling epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation during mammalian development.
Zygote: A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes
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References:
Chan, M. M., Smith, Z. D., Egli, D., Regev, A., & Meissner, A. (2012). Mouse ooplasm confers context-specific reprogramming capacity. Nature Genetics, 44(9), 978–980. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2382
Dean, W., Santos, F., & Reik, W. (2003). Epigenetic reprogramming in early mammalian development and following somatic nuclear transfer. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 14(1), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1084-9521(02)00141-6
Evans, M. J., Gurer, C., Loike, J. D., Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., & Schon, E. A. (1999). Mitochondrial DNA genotypes in nuclear transfer-derived cloned sheep. Nature Genetics, 23(1), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/12696
Gao, R., Wang, C., Gao, Y., et al. (2018). Inhibition of Aberrant DNA Re-methylation Improves Post-implantation Development of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos. Cell Stem Cell, 23(3), 426–435.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.07.017
Histone Deacetylase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.Sciencedirect.Com. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/histone-deacetylase
Hochedlinger, K., & Plath, K. (2009). Epigenetic reprogramming and induced pluripotency. Development, 136(4), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.020867
Hochedlinger, K., Rideout, W. M., Kyba, M., Daley, G. Q., Blelloch, R., & Jaenisch, R. (2004). Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells and the potential for cell therapy. The Hematology Journal, 5, S114–S117. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.thj.6200435
Lister, R., Pelizzola, M., Kida, Y. S., et al. (2011). Hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature, 471(7336), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09798
Morgan, H. D., Santos, F., Green, K., Dean, W., & Reik, W. (2005). Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Human Molecular Genetics, 14(suppl_1), R47–R58. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi114
Reik, W. (2001). Epigenetic Reprogramming in Mammalian Development. Science, 293(5532), 1089–1093. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063443
Srivastava, D., & DeWitt, N. (2016). In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation. Cell, 166(6), 1386–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.055
Wakayama, S., Kohda, T., Obokata, H., et al. (2013). Successful Serial Recloning in the Mouse over Multiple Generations. Cell Stem Cell, 12(3), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.005
Wakayama, T., Shinkai, Y., Tamashiro, K. L. K., et al. (2000). Cloning of mice to six generations. Nature, 407(6802), 318–319. https://doi.org/10.1038/35030301
Yamanaka, S. (2012). Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Past, Present, and Future. Cell Stem Cell, 10(6), 678–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.005
How do ventilators work? - Alex GendlerTake a journey into the respiratory system to see how ventilators bypass constricted airways and help damaged lungs send oxygen to the body.
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In the 16th century, physician Andreas Vesalius described how a suffocating animal could be kept alive by inserting a tube into its trachea and blowing air to inflate its lungs. Today, Vesalius’s treatise is recognized as the first description of mechanical ventilation— a crucial practice in modern medicine. So how do our modern ventilators work? Alex Gendler explains the life-saving technology.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brighteagle, Beatriz Inácio, Mighterbump, Pamela Harrison, Maija Chapman, Liana Switzer, Curtis Light, The Brock, Dianne Palomar, Edgar Campos Barrachina, Maria Lerchbaumer, Ever Granada, Marin Kovachev, Ravi S. Rāmphal, Penelope Misquitta, Tekin Gültekin, Jhuval , Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Vaibhav Mirjolkar, Thomas Bahrman, Allan Hayes, Aidan Forero, Uday Kishore, Mikhail Shkirev, Devesh Kumar, Sunny Patel, Anuj Tomar, Lowell Fleming, David Petrovič, Hoai Nam Tran, Stina Boberg, Alexandrina Danifeld, Kack-Kyun Kim, Travis Wehrman, haventfiguredout, Caitlin de Falco, Ken, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Elena Crescia, Thomas Mungavan, Alejandro Cachoua, Jaron Blackburn, Yoga Trapeze Wanderlust, Sandy Nasser and Venkat Venkatakrishnan.
More Organic Nomenclature: Heteroatom Functional Groups: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #3Oxygen is pretty dang amazing! Some of the most intensely studied functional groups in organic chemistry have oxygen atoms. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we're building on the last episode's discussion of nomenclature by learning about IUPAC's naming rules for even more functional groups.
RE-UPLOAD: There was an error in the graphic at 10:03 and in order to make sure students were not memorizing these structures incorrectly, we've chosen to re-upload the episode.
Episode Sources:
Lambert, J. B., Traces of the Past. . Unraveling the Secrets of Archeology through Chemistry, page 134-137: Perseus Publishing, Massachusetts, 1997.
Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.
***
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14 Experiments Gone WrongHave you heard about the psychologist who decided to raise his baby son alongside a chimpanzee? It didn’t go exactly as planned. This episode of The List Show is all about Experiments Gone Wrong, from the funny to the fatal.
Erin (@erincmccarthy) shares well-thought-out experiments that just didn’t pan out as originally envisioned, alongside some truly harebrained schemes that probably never should’ve been tried.
For more experiments with unexpected results, check out our article on 15 Science Experiments With Great Unintended Consequences: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/79800/15-science-experiments-great-unintended-consequences
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Will COVID-19 Go Away in the Summer?SciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
COVID-19 has the potential to ebb and flow with the seasons, but because it's a novel pandemic, that doesn't mean we're off the hook this summer.
While this episode was in production, an additional report was published in Science supporting the conclusion that too many people are susceptible to the virus for warm weather to make much of a dent: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/15/science.abc2535
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Decolonization: Crash Course European History #43After World War II, Europe was changing radically, and its place in the world was changing as well. European powers had colonized around the world in the 18th and 19th centuries, and in the 20th century, it all came crashing down. Of course the degree of crashing was variable from country to country.
Sources
-Buettner, Elizabeth. Europe After Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain Since 1688: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Ogle, Vanessa. “Archipelago Capitalism,” Public Lecture, Rutgers University, 2018.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.
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Counting the Species in my Backyard… for SCIENCE! #StayAtHome Nature ChallengeWe’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
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How Sea Butterflies "Fly" in WaterCheck out Nature: Spy in the Wild 2 on PBS (http://pbs.org/spyinthewild) to follow more than 50 animatronic spy creatures as they go undercover in the animal world. And check out their YouTube channel (https://www.youtube.com/user/NaturePBS) for more great videos of the natural world.
Birds fly, and fish swim. We learn this when we are children. But not everything in nature is quite so simple… Meet Limacina helicina, an artic-dwelling sea butterfly that flies through the water.
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Sources:
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/219/4/535
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00397570
https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/77/m077p125.pdf
Can you solve the world’s most evil wizard riddle? - Dan FinkelPractice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd/
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The evil wizard MoldeVort has been trying to kill you for years, and today it looks like he’s going to succeed. But your friends are on their way, and if you can survive until they arrive, they should be able to help stop him. Can you keep MoldeVort trapped long enough for help to arrive? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio.
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GOING SUPERSONIC with U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds! Pulling 7 G's in an F-16 -Smarter Every Day 235How to Join the United States Air Force: https://www.airforce.com/apply-now
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A personal thank you to Air Force MSgt Ryan Crane for nominating me for this flight. Thank you sir.
The Thunderbirds have a YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_edytVWM8iumngqzTVLVw
This flight took place on May 3, 2018 in Biloxi Mississippi. The reason it took so long to release is the high amount of research I wanted to do before releasing the video. I even visited the Air Force Research Lab at Wright Patterson AFB to discuss some aspects of this video with Aerodynamicists. Synchronizing all this footage and coordinating additional B Roll with the Thunderbirds Public Affairs Officer also required a lot of effort.
These are my own thoughts, not those of the U.S. Air Force or the Thunderbirds:
I've been around a lot of pilots and ground crew in my life and I must say that the professionalism displayed by the Thunderbirds was astounding. Their goal is to inspire and demonstrate the capabilities of the US Air Force, so I'll take it a step further. If you're a smart young person who is interesting in changing your life for the better, strongly consider the Air Force. The job market isn't the best at the moment but the Air Force still has opportunities available for you to learn incredible skills even if you're not interested in flying. They manage everything from logistics, electronics, aerospace, cyber and even space systems. The threats to freedom are becoming more complex, and in my experience working for the Department of Defense over a 15 year span (even longer if you count my work as a contractor) The US Air Force consists of some of the most intelligent service members our country has. These people are book-smart, but also have the confidence to solve real world problems with their own hands. If I have a complex aerodynamic question, my first call is usually to someone in the Air Force, because they understand these complex phenomena intuitively. For example, in this video you would hear Flack and I talking about pitot tubes in flight. We also had other discussions about fuel burn rates, Prandtl Glauert, weather.... all kinds of things. Simply put, if you're looking for direction in your life, and you're good with science and math... consider the Air Force. That being said, they also need other types of skills as well. Logisticians, writers, creative people who know how to solve complex problems in unique ways.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl%E2%80%93Glauert_transformation
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Hydrogen: The Savior of the Shipping IndustryTo learn more about the fight to stop climate change go to https://gatesnot.es/3dkhdhH. Thanks to Bill Gates and Breakthrough Energy for supporting this episode of SciShow.
Huge container ships relying on fossil fuels transport all kinds of goods across the ocean, creating a huge climate change impact. But there's a better way to power this transport using, of all things, water.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://energy.sandia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SAND2017-12665.pdf
http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/Environmental/L11/2.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128050521000309?via%3Dihub
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/716693006/the-dawn-of-low-carbon-shipping
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/736565697/giant-shipper-bets-big-on-ending-its-carbon-emissions-will-it-pay-off
https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/hydrogen-fuel-cells-becoming-viable-in-maritime-sector-56714
Secondary:
https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/how-hydrogen-made
https://www.truckinginfo.com/339798/will-future-trucks-be-powered-by-batteries-of-fuel-cells
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremybogaisky/2019/08/14/zeroavia-alakai-hydrogen-fuel-cell/#4543983818aa
https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/14/20804257/zeroavia-hydrogen-airplane-electric-flight
How do virus tests actually work? - Cella WrightDig into two testing techniques for viruses: PCR tests to diagnose an infection and immunoassays to detect antibodies.
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A new virus emerges and spreads like wildfire. In order to contain it, researchers must first collect data about who’s been infected. Two main viral testing techniques are critical: one tells you if you have the virus and the other shows if you’ve already had it. So, how exactly do these tests work? Cella Wright explores the science of PCR tests and immunoassays.
Lesson by Cella Wright, directed by Hype CG.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov, igor romanenko, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Brandy Sarver, Guy Hardy, Tu-Anh Nguyen, Karl Laius, Madee Lo, JY Kang, Marc Bou Zeid, Abhishek Goel, Charles A Hershberger, Coenraad Keuning, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Todd Gross, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Zhong Ming Zenny Tan, Karisa Caudill, Bruno Pinho, Derek Drescher, Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Amin Shahril, Mohamed Elsayed, Barthélémy Michalon, Chumi Ogbonna, Karlee Finch, Mohammad Said, jj5252 and Kelvin Lam.
We Can't Live Without You | Synanthropic AnimalsFrom the spider in the corner of your house, to the moths in your attic, synanthropic species don't just live among us, they literally depend on us to live.
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Meet the Jellybots: Ocean-Exploring Biohybrid RobotsAs far-fetched and futuristic as it might sound, researchers are working on turning jellyfish into ocean-exploring robots.
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Matrix Factorization - NumberphileFeaturing Professor David Eisenbud, director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI).
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There Probably Aren't Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 (Yet)Scientists are closely watching SARS-CoV-2 to track mutations and see if it's developed into different strains. So, has it?
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What Will the World Look Like, 2°C Warmer?A world only 2°C warmer, or 3.6°F, would be one that is much different than the world we live in today, but what does that actually look like?
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
https://www.pnas.org/content/115/33/8252
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter/
https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/impacts-climate-change-one-point-five-degrees-two-degrees/?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=Redirect
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/07/climate/ipcc-report-half-degree.html
https://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/7/327/2016/esd-7-327-2016.pdf
https://www.scienceworld.ca/stories/why-are-vancouver-winters-so-wet/
https://www.olympic.org/vancouver-2010
http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/PlanningPublications/OverviewofMetroVancouversMethodsinProjectingRegionalGrowth.pdf
Why Wolves Don't ChirpCheck out Brilliant (and get 20% off) here: https://brilliant.org/MinuteEarth/
Sounds that animals make can be really different, and it turns out that there's a reason why some species communicate with certain sounds.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
___________________________________________
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
frequency - how often a wave occurs in a certain unit of time
Hertz - a unit of frequency (Hz), the number of waves that occus in a second
pitch - a perceptual property of sounds that allows their ordering on a frequency-related scale
echolocation - the location of objects by reflected sound
refraction - the change in direction of a wave
diffraction - the bending of waves around obstacles and the spreading out of waves beyond openings
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Video Writer, Director, and Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia Rius (@garirius)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Arch, V. A. and P. M. Narins. 2008. “Silent” signals: selective forces acting on ultrasonic communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates. Animal Behaviour 76: 1423–1428. https://www.mn.uio.no/cees/english/research/news/events/research/journal-clubs/eef/2008/silent-signals.html
Bedard Jr. and T. M. Georges. 2000. Atmospheric Infrasound, Physics Today, 53(3): 32-37. https://psl.noaa.gov/programs/infrasound/atmospheric_infrasound.pdf
Ladich F. and H. Winkler. 2017. Acoustic communication in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates,” Journal of Experimental Biology 220: 2306–2317. https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/220/13/2306.full.pdf
Michelsen, A. and O.N. Larsen. 1983. Strategies for acoustic communication in complex environments. In: Neuroethology and Behavioural Physiology (ed Huber, F. and Markl, H.) pp. 321-331 Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-69271-0_23
Narins, P.M., A.S. Stoeger, and C. O'Connell-Rodwell. 2016. Infrasonic and seismic communication in the vertebrates with special emphasis on the Afrotheria: An update and future directions. In Vertebrate Sound Production and Acoustic Communication (ed. R. A. Suthers, W. T. Fitch, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper), pp. 191-227. Cham: Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-27721-9_7
What is a coronavirus? - Elizabeth CoxDig into the science of coronaviruses and find out how they cause diseases such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
--
For almost a decade, scientists chased the source of a deadly new virus through China’s tallest mountains and most isolated caverns. They finally found it in the bats of Shitou Cave. The virus in question was a coronavirus that caused an epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, in 2003. So what exactly is a coronavirus, and how does it spread? Elizabeth Cox explains.
Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Anton Bogaty.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Boytsov Ilya, Steven Razey, Javier Aldavaz, Nathan Giusti, Mada Arslan, Joichiro Yamada, Ritul Raghavan, Aline de Paula Zillig, Yambu Ganesh Shaw, Abeer Rajbeen, John Hong, Minh Tran, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Turine Tran, Mathew Samuel, Karthik Balsubramanian, Lee, Livia-Alexandra Sarban, Annastasshia Ames, João Henrique Rodrigues, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, SANG HAN, Amy Lopez, ReuniteKorea, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Clovis Norroy, Danielle Downs, Nik Maier, Angel Pantoja, Nishant Suneja, 张晓雨, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Sandra Fuller Bocko, Alex Pierce, Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson and Tariq Keblaoui.
3 Ways You Can Join the Citizen Scientists Fighting COVID-19Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Statistics Fundamentals course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
If you’re getting restless from social distancing and wishing you could do more to help fight the global pandemic, here are some ways that you can help scientists fight COVID-19—all from the comfort of your home
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Sources:
Interviews with Noah Peyser of COVID-19 Citizen Science Project, Brian Koepnick of Foldit, and Michael D. Ward of Folding@home
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/todays-coronavirus-updates/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1547527115010188
https://covid19.eurekaplatform.org
https://fold.it
https://fold.it/portal/node/2009115
https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005409#sec007
https://foldingathome.org
https://docs.google.com/document/d/169CQaKu7l-ZVSbk6uLvwjB4enjb3-CkkrutfheF72u8/edit
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940510v1.abstract
The Truth About 5G ft. MKBHDIs 5G Dangerous? Marques Brownlee helps us explain what is 5G, the health impacts on your body, whether it can make you sick, and some other claims being made!
Conspiracy Theories (5G, Coronavirus, Plandemic) https://youtu.be/u2NeoJHP6F0
JOIN OUR NEW EMAIL LIST: https://mailchi.mp/072240d817d6/asapscience
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What Does Carbonated Water Do to Your Body?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
We love carbonated drinks, but they also get a bad rap. What does bubbly water do to our body? Is it really bad for us?
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Exploring an Abandoned Missile Engine Test Site‣ If you have photos or videos from when Tekoi Test Range was in operation, please get in touch at: https://www.cgpgrey.com/contact
‣ Thank you to my patrons for making these videos possible: https://patreon.com/cgpgrey
## Patrons
Steven Snow, Bob Kunz, John Buchan, Nevin Spoljaric, Donal Botkin, BN-12, Chris Chapin, Richard Jenkins, Phil Gardner, Martin, سليمان العقل, Steven Grimm, Colin Millions, Saki Comandao, Jason Lewandowski, Andrea Di Biagio, David F Watson, Ben Schwab, Elliot Lepley, rictic, Bobby, Marco Arment, Shallon Brown, Shantanu Raj, emptymachine, George Lin, Henry Ng, Jeffrey Podis, Thunda Plum, Awoo, David Tyler, Derek Bonner, Derek Jackson, Fuesu, iulus, Jordan Earls, Joshua Jamison, Mikko, Nick Fish, Nick Gibson, Orbit_Junkie, Ron Bowes, Tómas Árni Jónasson, Tyler Bryant, Zach Whittle, Oliver Steele, Kermit Norlund, Kevin Costello, Ben Delo, Arctic May, Bear, chrysilis, David Palomares, Emil, Erik Parasiuk, Esteban Santana Santana, Freddi Hørlyck, Frederick The Great, John Rogers, ken mcfarlane, Leon, Maarten van der Blij, Peter Lomax, Rhys Parry, ShiroiYami, Tijmen van Dien, Tristan Watts-Willis, Veronica Peshterianu, Dag Viggo Lokøen, John Lee, Maxime Zielony, Bryan McLemore, Elizabeth Keathley, Alex Simonides, Felix Weis, Melvin Sowah, Giulio Bontadini, Paul Alom, Ryan Tripicchio, Scot Melville
A day in the life of an Aztec midwife - Kay ReadJoin the Aztec midwife Xoquauhtli as she tends to her patients and honors the warrior goddess Teteoinnan at a festival ushering in the season of warfare.
--
The midwife Xoquauhtli has a difficult choice to make. She owes a debt to her patron Teteoinnan, the female warrior goddess at the center of the Aztec seasonal festival, who must be kept happy or she will bring bad luck. Xoquauhtli should participate in the festival today, but one of her patients could go into labor any minute. Kay Read outlines a day in the life of an Aztec midwife.
Lesson by Kay Read, directed by AIM Creative Studios.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Chhunheng Veng, Leonardo Monrroy, Sumedh Ghaisas, Guhten, Amer Harb, Dowey Baothman, Norbert Orgován, Shafeeq Ansari, Gabriel Balsa, Maryam Sultan, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Adam Foreman, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Lâm Nguyễn, Mark Byers, Bradley Heinold, Monkeypatcher, Laurence McMillan, Connor Roberts, Dmitry Neverov, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Avinash Amarnath, Eric McDaniel, Cristian Cristian, France Lipužič, EdoKun, Rare Media, Rayo, Faizan, Elizabeth Gu, Nazmul Idris, Po Foon Kwong, Siobhan O'Connor Gwozdz, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Jan-Erik, Scott Markley, Kaitlyn holland, Elija Peterson, Michele Lynn Rose, Jai Prasanth, Vack91, David Lucsanyi, Xavier dupont and Marisa Miller.
Cement: A Really Hard ProblemTo learn more about the fight to stop climate change go to https://gatesnot.es/2SUfgkv. Thanks to Bill Gates and Breakthrough Energy for supporting this episode of SciShow.
Concrete sucks CO2 out of the atmosphere, but making it initially produces a lot of carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Fortunately, by rethinking the chemistry of cement altogether, we can actually use carbon dioxide to create our concrete instead.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-06-13-making-concrete-change-cement-lehne-preston.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/691a/16464fff1a9379e23f30f487cc0e9c846f5e.pdf
https://qz.com/1123875/the-material-that-built-the-modern-world-is-also-destroying-it-heres-a-fix/
https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/11/1675/2019/essd-11-1675-2019.pdf
Special thanks to Ellen Yui and Nick DeCristofaro of Solidia
MinuteEarth Explains: SpaceSignup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/2UGB30qCbvs.
In this collection of classic MinuteEarth videos, we travel beyond Earth and explore some of our favorite mysteries about space.
These are the episodes featured in this compilation:
0:00 Intro
0:29 Why So Many Meteorites Come From The Same Place
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kygTzIXmqfM
2:52 Tidal Locking | Why Do We Only See One Side of the Moon?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jUpX7J7ySo
5:10 How Do Greenhouse Gases Actually Work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTvqIijqvTg
8:09 The Faint Young Sun Paradox!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbnaes8X4iQ
10:48 Outro
TED invites the class of 2020 to give a TED TalkNo graduation? No problem! Record and share a #graduaTEDtalk video on the hopes, wishes, and dreams you hold for yourself and the class of 2020. Learn more: https://bit.ly/2SWIa38
--
Just because millions of students won’t get an in-person graduation this year, doesn’t mean billions of us can’t celebrate graduates online! TED invites all graduating students in the class of 2020 to give a #graduaTEDtalk and share the video on social media. Together we'll amplify the hopes, dreams, and ideas of an entire generation.
And, if you’re not graduating yourself but want to celebrate a grad, you can record a congratulatory message for your favorite grad, for the grads at your current school or alma mater, or for the millions of graduates throughout the world, and share the video on social media using #graduaTEDtalk
--
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5 Clues to Earth's Climate HistoryAs Earth’s climate changes, one of the hardest things to figure out is exactly how the planet will change in response. And while we can’t know the future for sure, we can get a lot of good clues from the past.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Does Hand Sanitizer Create Superbugs?Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are an effective way to kill a myriad of potentially harmful microbes. But is there a risk of germs becoming resistant to this ubiquitous liquid?
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Kevin Bealer, Jacob, Katie Marie Magnone, D.A. Noe, Charles Southerland, Eric Jensen, Christopher R Boucher, Alex Hackman, Matt Curls, Adam Brainard, Scott Satovsky Jr, Sam Buck, Ron Kakar, Chris Peters, Kevin Carpentier, Patrick D. Ashmore, Piya Shedden, Sam Lutfi, Charles George, Christoph Schwanke, Greg
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Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880479 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029301 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23499305 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30020626 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036196 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28933406 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2559658 https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6115 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30542-5 https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html
We May Have a COVID Vaccine in 2021, But Not Without Taking RisksGo to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Calculus in a Nutshell course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Right now, experts say a vaccine for COVID-19 is a year or more away. But as far away as it sounds, it’s only within the realm of possibility because scientists are speeding up the vaccine development process in surprising ways.
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Kevin Bealer, Jacob, Katie Marie Magnone, D.A. Noe, Charles Southerland, Eric Jensen, Christopher R Boucher, Alex Hackman, Matt Curls, Adam Brainard, Scott Satovsky Jr, Sam Buck, Ron Kakar, Chris Peters, Kevin Carpentier, Patrick D. Ashmore, Piya Shedden, Sam Lutfi, Charles George, Christoph Schwanke, Greg
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Euler Squares - NumberphileAlso known as Graeco-Latin Squares. Featuring Dr James Grime.
Extra footage at: https://youtu.be/HuIrUeODtVQ
Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/numberphile
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Dr James Grime's website: https://www.singingbanana.com
More James Grime videos on Numberphile: http://bit.ly/grimevideos
This video was coincidentally released the day of this news: https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/indian-maths-genius-who-debunked-eulers-theory-made-it-to-nyc-front-page-dies-at-103-2611193.html
Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile
We are also supported by Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/outreach/science-sandbox/
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From Old-School Gardening to the Future of Food.From the starter plants in your window to giant agriculture, there's a lot of science to cover before dinner.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
Why Can't You Compost Meat?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHqTQPARVe0
What Happens If You Use Your Feces as Fertilizer?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQWmz9-P0Bg
How Safe Are Pesticides, Really?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eF_fbTbHdyg
Why Can't We Farm These Foods Yet?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kr7C2L6AUA
Tank to Table: How Scientists Make Bigger, Tastier Seafood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1THJ2cJMy4A
3 Ways We Could Transform the Future of Food
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJWrsW1KpZU&t=0s
Why Do We STILL Use Lead Pipes?!Visit https://www.apmreports.org/water to read "Buried Lead". This video was made in partnership with The Water Main.
We've known for millennia that lead pipes could make us sick, so why are we still drinking from them?
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Hard water: water with a high mineral content
Soft water: water with a low mineral content
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Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Hernberg, S. (2000) Lead Poisoning in a Historical Perspective. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38(3): 256-249. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-0274%28200009%2938%3A3%3C244%3A%3AAID-AJIM3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-F
Hodge, AT. (1981) Vitruvius, lead pipes and lead poisoning. American Journal of Archaeology 85(4): 486–491. https://www.jstor.org/stable/504874
Milton, AL. (1988) Lead and lead poisoning from Antiquity to Modern Times. Ohio Journal of Science 88: 78-84. https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/23252
Rabin, R. (2008) The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes: a Modest Campaign. Public Health 98 (9): 1584–92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509614/
Troesken W. and Beeson, P. (2003) On the Significance of Lead Water Mains in American Cities: Some Historical Evidence.” In Health and Labor Force Participation over the Life Course, ed. Costa Dora L., 127–51. Chicago: University of Chicago Press and NBER. https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9632.pdf
What causes opioid addiction, and why is it so tough to combat? - Mike DavisExplore the science of why opioids are addictive and what can be done to reverse the growing rates of addiction and overdose. If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use in the United States, the Department of Health and Human Services operates a helpline (800-662-4357) and has a database of treatment facilities: https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/
--
In the 1980s and 90s, pharmaceutical companies began to market opioid painkillers aggressively, while actively downplaying their addictive potential. The number of prescriptions skyrocketed, and so did cases of addiction, beginning a crisis that continues today. What makes opioids so addictive? Mike Davis explains what we can do to reverse the skyrocketing rates of addiction and overdose.
Lesson by Mike Davis, directed by Good Bad Habits.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Della Palacios, Vik Nagjee, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Adi V, Andrew Bosco, Craig Sheldon, Rishi Pasham, Joanne Luce, Jason A Saslow, Mary Sawyer, Scott Gass, Ruth Fang, Mayank Kaul, Kathryn J Hammond, Max Shuai Tang, Terry Minion, Sami Khan, Rob Johnson, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Angelo Urzua-Milla, Tommy Lewis, leorene , Mahina Bachiller, Marcus Andre Nery, Bruce Vieira Lopes, Chef, Charmaine Hanson, Michael Goldberg, Lydia Pflieger, Paul Aldred-Bann, Manav parmar, Susan Wang, Utkarsh Dubey, Thawsitt , Xuebicoco, Jezabel, Maeve, Kim Humphrey, Kristen Damas, JackKeyton , Matthew D. Vigil, Amin Shahril, Adriano Fontes, Xiao Yu, Fatima Kried, Aravind Battaje, Melissa Suarez, Jason Duncan and Brian A. Dunn.
Why It's Good for COVID-19 Models to Be WrongAs we react to the predictions that epidemiological models make, changing the ways we act and go about our lives, those estimates can appear totally off. But if a model’s predictions end up being wrong, that might mean it's done exactly the job it was supposed to.
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Sources:
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/europe/coronavirus-imperial-college-johnson.html
https://www.ft.com/content/67e6a4ee-3d05-43bc-ba03-e239799fa6ab
https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsregisteredweeklyinenglandandwalesprovisional/latest
http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Ian.Jermyn/philosophy/writings/Boxonmaths.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01003-6
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf
https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article
The Basics of Organic Nomenclature: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #2Language is complicated, especially in organic chemistry. This episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry is all about nomenclature. We'll dive into IUPAC systematic naming of organic molecules, and get to practice with the help of three trusty steps!
Episode Sources:
IUPAC Organic Chemistry Nomenclature for organic compounds, https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/
Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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The Teeth Song (Memorize Every Tooth)A brush your teeth song with science to help you memorize every tooth!
This video is sponsored by Sensodyne. Take control of tooth sensitivity and improve gum health with Sensodyne Sensitivity & Gum https://www.sensodyne.com/en-us/
MORE AsapSCIENCE Songs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTXTeAt2mpg&list=PLvFsG9gYFxY9zTBhcFmMcYa3zYfQz7P7F
CHORUS
Teeth! They’re neat
Calcified tools to eat
Crown and root
In sections they are grouped
Incisors, chop and then cut for you
Canines stab and rip too,
Bicuspids crush the food,
Molars grind
Upper maxilla
The lower mandible
A full set counts to 32
VERSE
Enamel, the hardest substance in your body
Making up the crown
Dentin underneath, supporting structure
Further down
Cementum now
Connecting ligaments and covering the root for more stability
The pulp is here
Blood vessels cheer
Periodontium tissue
Gingiva or gum act like glue
All combined for you to masticate
As omnivores our diet is mixed
Eat organisms, get our fix
It’s what makes us heterotrophs
So our teeth are made multipurpose
CHORUS REPEATS
VERSE 2
Brushing teeth, prevents cavities
Breaking plaque formation
Fluoride helps to build enamel
Through the process of remineralization
Mammals are diphyodont
Two sets of teeth are designed
From primary or baby
To permanent for your life
So brush your teeth (Keep them clean)
Floss regularly (In between)
And they’ll stay healthy now if you just keep
A regular routine
ALT CHORUS
Teeth, are great
To empty up your plate
But unchecked
Things can become a mess
BRIDGE
If you do not clean your teeth
Bacteria will increase
Creating plaque and acid
Tooth decay can be rapid
Demineralization
And some painful sensations
Exposing nerves in dentin
While toxins start infecting
Inflaming up gum disease
And tooth sensitivity
Without good oral hygiene
Bacteria reigns supreme
This is why we brush our teeth twice a day
To keep gingivitis and diseases all at bay
For our
CHORUS
Teeth! They’re neat
Calcified tools to eat
Crown and root
Let’s name those groups!
FINALE
First, we have central and lateral incisors
The canines are the longest to consider
Transitional first and second premolars
Also called bicuspids by the scholars
The first and second molars at the back grind
And if you’re clever you will find a third kind
Wisdom teeth
How Evolution Made COVID-19 Our Perfect Enemy (and Why We’ll Beat It)We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
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SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are nasty enemies. Invisible, mysterious, and deadly, they have spread around the world and caused much of humanity to hide away. Germs like these only succeed and spread because of our social evolution, and our social nature is why social and physical distancing is so deeply painful for us. But evolution has also given us the gifts we need to survive this difficult time. Here’s how.
Also check out this great video from Physics Girl! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTbW5rVkf1g
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Brittle Stars Could Teach Robots To See With Their SkinGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Algorithm Fundamentals course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Brittle stars are eyeless, brainless animals that spend their time hanging out in dark crevices of coral reefs. But despite all this, it seems that they can still see...using their skin!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.2590
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01065-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/35090573
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139915/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221931512X
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/6/4/112/htm
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.171200
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbot.2019.00066/full
Post-World War II Recovery: Crash Course European History #42At the end of World War II, the nations of Europe were a shambles. Today we'll learn about how the various countries and blocs approached the problem of rebuilding their infrastructure and helping their residents recover. You'll learn about the Marshall plan and the various treaties that led to the modern day European Union.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Zhu Junrong, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Matija Hrzenjak, Jon& Jennifer Smith, David Noe, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, Timothy J Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, Haixiang Liu, Nathan Taylor, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, christopher crowell
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#crashcourse #history #WorldWarII
Which is better: Soap or hand sanitizer? - Alex Rosenthal and Pall ThordarsonDig into the science of how soap breaks down a coronavirus, and the effectiveness of hand sanitizer against a viral outbreak.
--
Your hands, up close, are anything but smooth. With peaks and valleys, folds and rifts, there are plenty of hiding places for a virus to stick. If you then touch your face, the virus can infect you. But there are two extraordinarily simple ways you can keep that from happening: soap and water, and hand sanitizer. So which is better? Alex Rosenthal and Pall Thordarson investigate.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal and Pall Thordarson, directed by Artrake Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Ricardo Rendon Cepeda, Ana Maria, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Ernest Chow, Bela Namyslik, Alan Froese, Anika Westburg, Nick Cozby, Shawar Khan, Michael Braun-Boghos, Rohan Gupta, Elizabeth Cruz, Yujing Jiang, Sarah Lundegaard, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Georg Gusewski, Rohit Lodha, Erica Zhuang, Aaron Henson, Julio Sabatés Rodríguez, Vivian & Gilbert Lee, Fahad Nasser Chowdhury, ரமணன், John simmons, June Reiling, Khalid AlAli, Mickey Mikeworth, Nathaniel Lupus, Yansong Li, Chung Wah Gnapp, Amber Alexander, Robert Patrick, Pi Guanghui, Barbara Younker, Ai Ejima, Soma Ali, Roman Pinchuk, Raheem, Hector Quintanilla, Leen Mshasha, Mariana Ortega, Danny Romard, James Bruening, Ricki Daniel Marbun, Malcolm Callis, Sabrina Gonzalez, Al the Scottish Wildcat, سلطان الخليفي and Alexander Walls.
We May Have Solved Our Burping Cows ProblemWhen a bunch of cows burp they can exhale a lot of methane that affects the global warming problem. Researchers are working on finding solutions for it. To learn more about the fight to stop climate change go to https://gatesnot.es/2W1YUbn. Thanks to Bill Gates and Breakthrough Energy for supporting this episode of SciShow.
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What really happened during the Salem Witch Trials - Brian A. PavlacDig into how the infamous Salem Witch Trials began and why they remain a cautionary tale of the dangers of groupthink and scapegoating.
--
You’ve been accused of a crime you did not commit. It’s impossible to prove your innocence. If you insist that you’re innocent anyway, you’ll likely be found guilty and executed. But if you confess, apologize, and implicate others, you’ll go free. This was the choice facing those accused of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts in the 17th century. How did this happen? Brian A. Pavlac investigates.
Lesson by Brian A. Pavlac, directed by Lucy Animation Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Christophe Dessalles, Janie Jackson, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Heather Slater, Yuh Saito, Quentin Le Menez, Mattia Veltri, Fabian Amels, Sandra Tersluisen, PnDAA, Hugo Legorreta, Zhexi Shan, Gustavo Mendoza, Bárbara Nazaré, Josh Engel, Natalia Rico, Andrea Feliz, Eysteinn Guðnason, Bernardo Paulo, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora Slydell, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Noel Situ, Elliot Poulin, emily lam, Juan, Jordan Tang, Kent Logan, Alexandra Panzer, Laura Cameron Keith, Jen, Ellen Spertus, Cailin Ramsey, Markus Goldhacker, Leora Allen, Andras Radnothy, Chris, Arpita Singh, Vijayalakshmi, Marc Bilodeau, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, paul g mohney, Maya Toll, Sebastian Regez, Bruno Hannud, Andreas Voltios, Shubham Arora, Ugur Doga Sezgin and Akinola Emmanuel.
Robot Surgeons and 4 Other Medical Advances That Sound Like Sci-FiModern medicine is wonderful, but even in a world where open-heart surgery and brain-scanning headsets sound almost mundane, some medical advances do truly seem like science fiction. From robot-assisted microsurgery to reanimated organs, here are 5 futuristic advancements that are actually around today.
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
Robot surgeons:
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-02-robot-microsurgery-human-clinical-trial.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14188-w
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30261104
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424711/
The Really Important Reason Your Lungs Have Taste ReceptorsScientists believe that your taste receptors are meant for taste, but how do they explain the taste receptors on your lungs?
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
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Why Is SARS-CoV-2 So Contagious?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Logic course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
SARS-CoV-2 is super contagious, and researchers don’t yet know all the reasons why. But by comparing this new virus to the similar one that causes SARS, we’ve found a lot of promising leads that could help us figure out how to beat this thing.
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Kevin Bealer, Jacob, Katie Marie Magnone, D.A.Noe, Charles Southerland, Eric Jensen, Christopher R Boucher, Alex Hackman, Matt Curls, Adam Brainard, Scott Satovsky Jr, Sam Buck, Ron Kakar, Chris Peters, Kevin Carpentier, Patrick D. Ashmore, Piya Shedden, Sam Lutfi, charles george, Greg
Announcing the Crash Course App!Apple Devices: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/crash-course-watch-and-study/id1505594172
Android Devices: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.complexly.thecrashcourse&hl=en_US
Today we're so excited to announce the free Crash Course App! (Available now for Apple and Android phones and tablets.) The app is a portal to find all of our thousands of videos and a platform to help you review what you've learned in those videos. At the heart of the app are decks which are essentially really beautiful flashcards that transform into multiple choice questions in quiz mode. The app currently supports decks for all episodes of Anatomy & Physiology, Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry, and we'll be continually adding more content. So please download the app and let us know what you think!
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Jon & Jennifer Smith, DAVID NOE, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, TimothyJ Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, HAIXIANGN/A LIU, Nathan Taylor, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, Jirat
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Megatsunamis: World's Biggest WaveMegatsunamis are not only much larger than your average tsunami, they also form under different conditions. Good news: they're extremely rare. Bad news: they might not be for long.
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Kevin Bealer, Jacob, Katie Marie Magnone, D.A.Noe, Charles Southerland, Eric Jensen, Christopher R Boucher, Alex Hackman, Matt Curls, Adam Brainard, Scott Satovsky Jr, Sam Buck, Ron Kakar, Chris Peters, Kevin Carpentier, Patrick D. Ashmore, Piya Shedden, Sam Lutfi, charles george, Greg
Lockdown Productivity: Spaceship YouGrey's Director Commentary for "Spaceship You": https://www.patreon.com/posts/36588977
Discuss on the reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/CGPGrey/comments/gb6mac/lockdown_productivity_spaceship_you/
## Patrons
Steven Snow, Bob Kunz, John Buchan, Nevin Spoljaric, Donal Botkin, BN-12, Chris Chapin, Richard Jenkins, Phil Gardner, Martin, سليمان العقل, Steven Grimm, Colin Millions, Saki Comandao, Jason Lewandowski, Andrea Di Biagio, David F Watson, Ben Schwab, Elliot Lepley, rictic, Bobby, Marco Arment, Shallon Brown, Shantanu Raj, emptymachine, George Lin, Henry Ng, Jeffrey Podis, Thunda Plum, Awoo, David Tyler, Derek Bonner, Derek Jackson, Fuesu, iulus, Jordan Earls, Joshua Jamison, Mikko, Nick Fish, Nick Gibson, Orbit_Junkie, Ron Bowes, Tómas Árni Jónasson, Tyler Bryant, Zach Whittle, Oliver Steele, Kermit Norlund, Kevin Costello, Ben Delo, Arctic May, Bear, chrysilis, David Palomares, Emil, Erik Parasiuk, Esteban Santana Santana, Freddi Hørlyck, Frederick The Great, John Rogers, ken mcfarlane, Leon, Maarten van der Blij, Peter Lomax, Rhys Parry, ShiroiYami, Tijmen van Dien, Tristan Watts-Willis, Veronica Peshterianu, Dag Viggo Lokøen, John Lee, Maxime Zielony, Bryan McLemore, Elizabeth Keathley, Alex Simonides, Felix Weis, Melvin Sowah, Giulio Bontadini, Paul Alom, Ryan Tripicchio, Scot Melville
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What Is Organic Chemistry?: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #1Organic chemistry is pretty much everywhere! In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’re talking about the amazing diversity among organic molecules. We’ll learn about the origins of organic chemistry, how to write Lewis structures, condensed structures, and skeletal formulas, and what gross organic compound the Romans used to dye their fabrics pretty colors.
Episode Sources:
Dean, J., Casselman, K. D., Wild Color, 1st ed.; Potter Craft, New York, 2010.
Formula for indigo dyeing with urine. http://www.wildcolours.co.uk/html/urine_indigo_vat.html
From Gunpowder to Teeth Whitener: The Science Behind Historic Uses of Urine https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/from-gunpowder-to-teeth-whitener-the-science-behind-historic-uses-of-urine-442390/
Tie-Dye Instructions. https://www.dharmatrading.com/techniques/tiedye/tie-dye-instructions.html, last accessed 12/12/2019.
(Retinal) Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., & Wothers, P. Organic Chemistry. New York 2001. Oxford University Press Inc.
Beetroot https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/03/11/why-can-beetroot-turn-urine-red-the-chemistry-of-beetroot/
Fruit color https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5613902/
Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Jon & Jennifer Smith, DAVID NOE, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, TimothyJ Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, HAIXIANGN/A LIU, Nathan Taylor, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, Jirat
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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
The most important anus in the ocean - Cella WrightExplore the wonderfully bizarre life of the sea cucumber, and discover the essential role they play in keeping ocean ecosystems healthy.
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Is it a fuzzy sock? An overripe banana? A moldy tube of toothpaste? No! In fact, it’s a humble sea cucumber: a brainless, fleshy form surrounding a digestive tract, and bookended by a mouth and an anus. And while it might look odd, its daily toil paves the way for entire ecosystems to thrive. Cella Wright journeys to the bottom of the ocean to explore the lives of these sausage-shaped wonders.
Lesson by Cella Wright, directed by Guto BR, Flávia Godoy and Lívia Serri Francoio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Joe Giamartino, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Andrés Melo Gámez, Renhe Ji, Ka-Hei Law, Michal Salman, Peter Liu, Mark Morris, Catherine Sverko, Misaki Sato, Tan YH, Ph.D., Rodrigo Carballo, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Merit Gamertsfelder, Lex Azevedo, Noa Shore, Taylor Hunter, Kyle Nguyen, MJ Tan Mingjie, Cristóbal Moenne, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Kevin Wong, Dawn Jordan, Yanira Santamaria, Prasanth Mathialagan, Savannah Scheelings, Susan Herder, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann, Siamak H, Tracey Tobkin, Dwight Tevuk, Anthony Kudolo, Mrinalini , Yanuar Ashari, Ivan Todorović, Alex Schenkman, Brittiny Elman, Ryohky Araya, Paul Coupe, David Douglass, Ricardo Paredes, Bill Feaver, Eduardo Briceño and Arturo De Leon.
This Atom Can Predict The FutureThanks to CTBTO for sponsoring this video: https://www.ctbto.org
Many of the bewildering correlations in our world - like that between Beryllium-7 and the Asian monsoon - are a result of huge and unseen forces that tie them together.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Monsoon: A seasonal increase in precipitation driven by atmospheric conditions.
Hadley Cell: A global scale atmospheric cell driven by air rising near the equator and falling as it flows towards the polls.
Ferrel Cell: A secondary atmospheric circulation that collides with the Hadley cell and pushes air back down towards the Earth’s surface.
Intertropical Convergence Zone: The narrow zone between the northern and southern Hadley cells where warm air comes together and rises.
Tropopause: The boundary area roughly 15 kilometers above the Earth’s surface between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Radionuclide: Isotopes of atoms that release radiation as they break down.
Beryllium-7: A relatively stable radionuclide of the element Beryllium that naturally forms in the tropopause during spallation.
Spallation: The process in which a heavier atom loses nuclear particles after being bombarded by cosmic rays.
Cosmic Rays: High energy atomic particles that move at near light speed through space.
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Video Writer, Director, and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Video Illustrator: Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Arcadi Garcia Rius
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
Terzi, L., Kalinowski, M., Schoeppner, M., and Wotawa, G. (2019). How to predict seasonal weather and monsoons with radionuclide monitoring. Nature. 9: 2729. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39664-7.
Köhn‐Reich, L., Bürger, G. (2019). Dynamical prediction of Indian monsoon: Past and present skill. International Journal of Climatology. 38:3574-3581. Retrieved from: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.6039.
Delaygue, G., Bekki, S., and Bard, E. (2015) Modelling the stratospheric budget of beryllium isotopes. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 67:1 Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/tellusb.v67.28582.
Palukkat, H. (2016) The odds of foretelling rains: Why monsoon prediction is hard, and why it could soon improve. Economic Times. Retrieved from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-odds-of-foretelling-rains-why-monsoon-prediction-is-hard-and-why-it-could-soon-improve/articleshow/52876823.cms.
Kalinowski, M. (2020). Personal Communication. Provisional Technical Secretariat, Preparatory Commission for the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization.
