There Are More Than Two Human SexesIn high school biology, we learn that humans are born with either XX or XY chromosomes, and that a person’s internal and external sex organs match those chromosomes. It turns out, however, that sex isn’t that straightforward.
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Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479330/
http://www.isna.org/faq/what_is_intersex
https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/07/25/i-want-be-nature-made-me/medically-unnecessary-surgeries-intersex-children-us
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-spectrum-of-sex-development-eric-vilain-and-the-intersex-controversy/
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SRY#conditions
https://www.who.int/genomics/gender/en/index1.html
https://www.wired.com/story/trumps-plan-to-redefine-gender-makes-no-scientific-sense/
https://www.nature.com/news/sex-redefined-1.16943
https://www.intersexequality.com/how-common-is-intersex-in-humans/
http://www.isna.org/faq/ten_myths/rare
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03392.x
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16324-disorders-of-sex-differentiation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521690X07001054
https://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/dsd.htm
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/sa-visual/visualizing-sex-as-a-spectrum/
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/11/16/evolution-human-body-skeleton-sex-gender/#.XVYRf5NKjBI
https://massivesci.com/articles/sex-gender-intersex-transgender-identity-discrimination-title-ix/
https://childrensnational.org/visit/conditions-and-treatments/diabetes-hormonal-disorders/differences-in-sex-development
https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/thrive-program/differences-of-sex-development
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/102/10/3465?sso-checked=true
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/science/a-pregnancy-souvenir-cells-that-are-not-your-own.html
https://www.nadf.us/adrenal-diseases/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/disorders-sex-development/
http://aisdsd.org/resources/youth/youth-faqs/
https://www.rchsd.org/programs-services/endocrinology-diabetes/services/differences-of-sexual-development-clinic/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682373/
https://www.seattlechildrens.org/clinics/differences-sex-development/
https://www.fairview.org/patient-education/40119
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355205
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29606626
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23045263
Revenue Streams: Crash Course Entrepreneurship #13Profit, revenue, income, assets, cash flow -- all these words mean money, but they all have specific uses. In business, money is important to us and we want to describe it as accurately as possible.
***
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YOU vs. CLIMATE CHANGE DENIERSAustralian bushfires, flooding, hurricanes. We need to COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE DENIAL so this video explains how!
Listen to the Sidenote podcast episode here:
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/climate-change-deniers/id1383086982?i=1000456167905
Why Don't All Birds Fly in V Shapes?Some birds fly in V shapes because it has many benefits, but other birds fly in clumps instead. Why would they do that?
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
Special thanks to Professor Erick Greene of the University of Montana Bird Ecology Lab for his assistance with this episode.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0611032.pdf
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-waves-rippling-through-bird-flocks-help-them-escape-predators-180954792/
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8003113
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/189/1/251.full.pdf
https://dept.aem.umn.edu/~SeilerControl/Papers/2002/SeilerEtAl_02CDC_AnalysisOfBirdFormations.pdf
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/01/why-birds-fly-v-formation
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-migratory-birds-fl/
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.08969.pdf
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/01/15/birds-that-fly-in-a-v-formation-use-an-amazing-trick/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519312006212
http://hs.umt.edu/birdecologylab/about/staff.php?s=Greene3
https://www.livescience.com/32812-why-do-bird-flocks-move-in-unison.html
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1a93/db9c97da399cda07363a6b33bd5469bec6aa.pdf
http://www.brendanbody.co.uk/flight_tutorial/wings_flex.html
https://phys.org/news/2014-01-birds-formation-energy.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcX56-E842Q
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e559/dfd0c4906e391fd555055c78ecc7ef0a986e.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f19/c44a14b73bb2099ef5be5edc83550acdab3f.pdf
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/d35vccx2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51242928_Flying_in_a_flock_comes_at_a_cost_in_pigeons
https://www.britannica.com/topic/animal-social-behaviour/Aggregation-and-individual-protection#ref1045279
https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/ecology-and-environmentalism/environmental-studies/selfish-herd
https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/22/1/16/231056
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Geometry-for-the-selfish-herd.-Hamilton/b5eab7f068892648ea558884d41226fff26e28ff
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39428
Reform and Revolution 1815-1848: Crash Course European History #25In the aftermath of the revolutions and upheaval in 18th and early 19th century Europe, there was a hunger for reform across the continent. Reformers like Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Auguste Comte proposed radical new ideas, and at the same time, regular people began to stand up and ask for greater equality, and a louder voice in how they were governed. Results were mixed, but a lot of the ideas that emerged during this time are still echoing in our world today.
Sources
-Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia: People and Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Judson, Pieter M. The Hapsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe 1780-1850. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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The dangers of mixing drugs - Céline ValéryExplore the science of why mixing drugs and drug interactions with other substances can lead to dangerous health complications.
--
Which of the following is risky behavior: a person taking cholesterol medicine with grapefruit juice? Or a person taking Acetaminophen before going out for drinks? Or a person on blood thinners who takes an aspirin? Turns out, all of them are risky. Each has inadvertently created a drug interaction that could lead to serious complications. Céline Valéry describes the dangers of mixing substances.
Lesson by Céline Valéry, directed by Cabong Studios.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hugo Legorreta, Zhexi Shan, Gustavo Mendoza, Bárbara Nazaré, Josh Engel, Natalia Rico, Andrea Feliz, Eysteinn Guðnason, Bernardo Paulo, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora Slydell, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Noel Situ, Elliot Poulin, emily lam, Juan, Jordan Tang, Kent Logan, Alexandra Panzer, Laura Cameron Keith, Jen , Ellen Spertus, Cailin Ramsey, Markus Goldhacker, Leora Allen, Andras Radnothy, Chris, Arpita Singh, Vijayalakshmi, Marc Bilodeau, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, paul g mohney, Maya Toll, Sebastian Regez, Bruno Hannud, Andreas Voltios, Shubham Arora, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Akinola Emmanuel, Kyanta Yap, Ricardo Rendon Cepeda, Ana Maria, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Ernest Chow, Bela Namyslik, Alan Froese, Anika Westburg, Nick Cozby and Shawar Khan.
What Your Family History Can’t Tell YouThanks to the National Human Genome Research Institute for supporting this episode. If you’re interested in learning more about the human genome and the latest in polygenic risk score research, head to http://genome.gov/PRS
#polygenicriskscores #science
The first time you visit a new doctor, they’ll probably ask you about your family history - but it turns out that family history doesn’t tell you everything about the risks that can be hidden in your genes.
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Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987426/
https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/23/22/6112/2900819
https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/depth-polygenic-risk-scoring
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0183-z
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2730627
https://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.j5757
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-018-0018-x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309089/
https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genome-Wide-Association-Studies-Fact-Sheet
Why do humans have a third eyelid? - Dorsa AmirDiscover how evolution and natural selection influence why the human body has vestigial organs— body parts that no longer serve their original purpose.
--
You know that little pink thing nestled in the corner of your eye? It’s actually the remnant of a third eyelid. In humans, it’s vestigial, meaning it no longer serves its original purpose. There are several other vestigial structures in the human body, quietly riding along from one of our ancestor species to the next. But why have they stuck around for so long? Dorsa Amir investigates.
Lesson by Dorsa Amir, directed by Avi Ofer.
Animator's website: https://www.aviofer.com
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Catherine Sverko, Misaki Sato, Tan YH, Ph.D., Rodrigo Carballo, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Merit Gamertsfelder, Lex Azevedo, Noa Shore, Taylor Hunter, Kyle Nguyen, MJ Tan Mingjie, Cristóbal Moenne, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Kevin Wong, Dawn Jordan, Yanira Santamaria, Prasanth Mathialagan, Savannah Scheelings, Susan Herder, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann, Siamak H, Tracey Tobkin, Dwight Tevuk, Anthony Kudolo, Mrinalini , Yanuar Ashari, Ivan Todorović, Alex Schenkman, Brittiny Elman, Ryohky Araya, Paul Coupe, David Douglass, Ricardo Paredes, Bill Feaver, Eduardo Briceño, Arturo De Leon, Christophe Dessalles, Janie Jackson, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Heather Slater, Yuh Saito, Quentin Le Menez, Mattia Veltri, Fabian Amels, Sandra Tersluisen and PnDAA.
Planar Graphs - NumberphileFeaturing Professor Maria Chudnovsky from Princeton University - see part two about her work on Perfect Graphs - https://youtu.be/C4Zr4cOVm9g
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
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6 of the Coolest Things We've Found in AmberAmber is amazing stuff! It can preserve organisms whole, and essentially freeze them in time, and the specimens we’ve found in it so far range from amazing to downright bizarre. Here are six of the coolest things we’ve found trapped in amber.
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Sources:
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/fossils/amber.html
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/24696/paleo_Labandeira_Paleont._Soc._Pap._2014.pdf
Bat flies:
https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2012/feb/battle-vampires-20-million-years-ago
https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-4-229
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/46256764/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/first-fossil-vampire-bat-fly-discovered/#.XYvTledKjOQ
Carnivorous Sponges — So That's a ThingThere aren't many creatures as safe and chill as the humble sea sponge, right? Well, not so fast! It turns out there's a whole family of carnivorous sponges that trap and eat small animals using spines and migrating stomaches!
Special thanks to The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Check out their video about these sponges here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJeyOU4eSKw
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-019-03032-8
https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/1/3926497
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00371/full
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11250009009355684
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJeyOU4eSKw
What Color Is A Banana?To discover more go to http://lego.build/CITYSpace
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What color is a banana? Duh, it’s yellow. But what is yellow? Now that you mention it, how do we see color in the first place? That’s the series of questions that led me to making this video. It started simple and took me down a rabbit hole of decoding our visual system. Turns out it’s way more interesting than I ever thought possible. You might even call it complex. In fact, it’s a wonder it even works. Biology… wow, right?
Thanks to vision researcher Dr. Jay Neitz from the University of Washington for helping us break down this complex science.
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New Cystic Fibrosis Treatment a "Game-Changer" | SciShow NewsA new drug treatment based on a genetics discovery from the 80s could dramatically improve the lives of many people with Cystic Fibrosis
Check out Hank Green reading Edgar Alan Poe here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TaGRUMteWI
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1908639
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32597-8/fulltext
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-breakthrough-therapy-cystic-fibrosis
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1911602
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200505-840OE
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-050024
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152500161830217X
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201805116
https://www.cff.org/What-is-CF/About-Cystic-Fibrosis/
https://www.statnews.com/2019/10/23/we-conquered-a-disease-how-vertex-delivered-a-transformative-medicine-for-cystic-fibrosis/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/health/trikafta-cystic-fibrosis.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/31/long-awaited-cystic-fibrosis-drug-could-turn-deadly-disease-into-manageable-condition/
Let's make an AI that destroys video games: Crash Course AI #13Follow along: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1uYXTDeBbPeuJfM1teufZ9nUaiRIN9nHW
Today we create a game and then build an AI to destroy it. Our game is called TrashBlaster, and it’s like Asteroids but with trash in the ocean, and instead of a spaceship John Green Bot is wielding a laser. We'll use machine learning techniques such as an evolutionary neural network alongside a carefully crafted fitness function to create an unstoppable AI.
To install the game on your computer download our repo on Github: https://github.com/crash-course-ai/lab3-games
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In which we talk about new Patreon perks, upcoming courses, the Crash Course App, and our survey. Please fill out our survey. Please do that right now. Thanks.
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The Freezing Dunes of Northern CanadaGo to https://curiositystream.com/video/scishow to start streaming Small Cats Unknown. Use the promo code ‘scishow’ during the sign-up process to get your first 31 days free
When you think "sand dunes" you probably wouldn't think to look up in the northern reaches of Canada, but there lies one of earth's most unique habitats.
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Why haven’t we cured arthritis? - Kaitlyn Sadtler and Heather J. FaustGet to know the science behind what causes the stiff, creaky joints of the most common forms of arthritis and what you can do to prevent it.
--
The bad backs, elbow pain, and creaky knees so common in older people often aren't just “old age.” In fact, the source of this stiffness plagues many young people as well. The culprit is arthritis: a condition that affects over 90 million people in the U.S. alone. What makes arthritis so pervasive, and why haven’t we found a cure for it? Kaitlyn Sadtler and Heather J. Faust investigate.
Lesson by Kaitlyn Sadtler and Heather J. Faust, directed by CUB Animation.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kiara Taylor, Louisa Lee, eden sher, Vignan Velivela, Sage Curie, Srikote Naewchampa, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Faiza Imtiaz, Martin Stephen, Jerome Froelich, Dan Paterniti, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mullaiarasu Sundaramurthy, Elnathan Joshua Bangayan, Caleb ross, Duo Xu, Quinn Shen, Marvin Vizuett, Sid, Marylise CHAUFFETON, Karen Goepen-Wee, Sama aafghani, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Kris Siverhus, Jason Weinstein, Tony Trapuzzano, Devin Harris, Brandy Jones, Shawn Quichocho, Gi Nam Lee, Joy Love Om, Miloš Stevanović, Ghassan Alhazzaa, Yankai Liu, Pavel Zalevskiy, Claudia Mayfield, Stephanie Perozo, Joe Giamartino, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Andrés Melo Gámez, Renhe Ji, Ka-Hei Law, Michal Salman and Peter Liu.
How to Sell Anything: Crash Course Entrepreneurship #12It can be hard to strike the right tone or know what’s going to appeal to someone, but there are tricks. We can craft a narrative and use well-placed emotional appeals to tell customers a story.
Even if you don’t consider yourself a persuasive person, you don’t need a +5 charisma modifier to succeed at this crucial stage of entrepreneurship.
***
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We're Running Out of These Elements — Here's HowPhones, TVs, solar panels, and electric car batteries are all made of some rare and unusual elements. As our modern world creates more and more of these technologies, will things go from "rare" to "nonexistent" and what will we do then?
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/13/aluminium
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/27/cobalt
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/33/arsenic
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/49/indium
Everything You Need To Know About WeddingsHow do you plan a wedding on a budget? What's the history of weddings, and how have wedding traditions changed in the last five thousand years?
Brought to you by the Discover Free Credit Scorecard: https://csp.discover.com/free-credit-score/
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For more weird wedding facts, read our article, 15 Things You Didn't Know About Weddings: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67374/15-things-you-didnt-know-about-weddings
Do Photons Cast Shadows?Thanks to CuriosityStream for their support. Go to http://www.curiositystream.com/minutephysics to watch Particle Fever and get Nebula!
Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics
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This video is about two-photon (gamma-gamma) physics, and how photons can interact with each other - either mediated by a passing lepton, or gravitationally via lensing, or via vacuum fluctuation pair production of vertical particles (electron-positron pair, for example). This is the so-called "box diagram" feynman diagram.
REFERENCES
Water waves interact with each other (weakly nonlinear shallow water waves)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korteweg%E2%80%93deVriesequation
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Korteweg-deVriesEquation.html
Paper: Absorption of Very High Energy Gamma Rays in the Milky Way
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.01587.pdf
Paper: Observing light-by-light scattering at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.7142.pdf
Ask an Astrophysicist on gamma ray scattering and energies in cosmology
http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/tlnasa/reference/imaginedvd/files/imagine/docs/askastro/answers/970412e.html
Measuring Vacuum Polarisation with High Power Lasers
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.08456.pdf
Detecting vacuum birefringence with X-ray free electron lasers and high-power optical lasers
https://indico.desy.de/indico/event/12654/session/2/contribution/8/material/slides/0.pdf
Vacuum birefringence in the head-on collision of XFEL and optical high-intensity laser pulses
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.03302.pdf
ATLAS makes first direct detection of Light-by-light scattering at the LHC
https://atlas.cern/updates/press-statement/atlas-sees-first-direct-evidence-light-light-scattering-high-energy
Two Photon Physics
http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/opal/gammagamma/gg-tutorial.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photonphysics
Thesis: The Opacity of the Universe for high and very high energy γ-rays
http://inspirehep.net/record/1254304/files/desy-thesis-13-033.pdf
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Created by Henry Reich
What If Earth Picked Up a Second Moon?Thanks to Oribel for sponsoring this episode. Go to http://bit.ly/SciShowMarbleRun and use code “SCISHOW15” for 15% off on your wall toy or extension sets. Or get it on Amazon - https://www.amazon.com/ORIBEL-VertiPlay-Marble-Learning-Stick/dp/B07VSLB9M9 Make Science fun with VertiPlay STEM Marble Run!
We owe a lot to our moon. Beautiful moonlit walks, higher tides, and regular seasons - all are made possible by our little rocky friend. But what would happen if we picked up a second moon?
Thanks to Dr. Neil Comins at the University of Maine for his orbital mechanics expertise and help with this episode!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
Correspondence with Dr. Neil Comins
https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780312673352
https://www.universetoday.com/92148/what-if-the-earth-had-two-moons/
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/37-our-solar-system/the-moon/the-moon-and-the-earth/38-what-would-happen-if-earth-had-more-than-one-moon-intermediate
https://phys.org/news/2011-12-earth-moons.html
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European History #24We've talked about a lot of revolutions in 19th Century Europe, and today we're moving on to a less warlike revolution, the Industrial Revolution. You'll learn about the development of steam power and mechanization, and the labor and social movements that this revolution engendered.
SOURCES
Hobsbawm, Eric. Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.
Hunt, Lynn. et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain since 1688: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Riello, Giorgio. Cotton: The Fabric That Made the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Smith, Bonnie G. et al. World in the Making: A Global History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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#crashcourse #history #europeanhistory
Game theory challenge: can you predict human behavior? - Lucas HustedSolve this classic game theory challenge: given integers from 0 to 100, what would the whole number closest to ⅔ of the average of all numbers guessed be?
--
Given a range of integers from 0 to 100, what would the whole number closest to 2/3 of the average of all numbers guessed be? For example, if the average of all guesses is 60, the correct guess will be 40. The game is played under conditions known to game theorists as “common knowledge:” every player has the same information— they also know that everyone else does too. Lucas Husted explains.
Lesson by Lucas Husted, directed by Anton Trofimov.
Animator's website: https://www.antontrofimov.com
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clement, Hadi Salahshour, FAWWAZ GHUWAIDI, Dino Biancolini, Reagen O'Connor, Nicu Boanda, Cindy O., Karla Brilman, Jørgen Østerpart, Sergi Páez, rakesh Katragadda, Carolyn Corwin, Charlene You, Boris Langvand, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Carsten Tobehn, Kin Lon Ma, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Eunsun Kim, Katrina Harding, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Astia Rizki Safitri, Côme Vincent, Antony Lee, Melissa Sorrells, Rakshit Kothari, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Simon Holst Ravn, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Samantha Chow, Philippe Spoden, Phyllis Dubrow, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Cas Jamieson, Ophelia Gibson Best, Amber Wood, Paul Schneider, Jun Cai, Tim Robinson, Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, cnorahs, Lyn-z Schulte, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Milad Mostafavi and Аркадий Скайуокер.
Poor, Misunderstood Poison IvyIt sure seems like some plants really don't want you hiking through their woods, but maybe your immune system is just overreacting.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://eic.rsc.org/magnificent-molecules/urushiol/3007556.article
https://insider.si.edu/2014/08/poison-ivy/
https://medcraveonline.com/IJVV/IJVV-02-00023.pdf
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/09/from-leaf-to-itch/
https://vector.childrenshospital.org/2016/12/poison-ivy-psoriasis-eczema-targeting-cd1a/
https://www.globalchange.vt.edu/characterizing-the-poison-ivy-avian-mutualism/
https://pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu/page/poison-ivy-poison-sumac-and-poison-oak-rhus-dermatitis
https://www.mdedge.com/clinicianreviews/article/78183/dermatology/truth-about-poison-ivy&sa=D&ust=1568705622509000&usg=AFQjCNEGcg0-jn0ydPa9OJAT74Ik95-YrA
https://www.healthline.com/health/poison-ivy-immunity#changing-sensitivity
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376175
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/poison-ivy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376485
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5570453/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791155/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93564476
https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-just-figured-out-why-poison-ivy-makes-us-itch-so-much
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150701140859.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160823103242.htm
https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/no-ill-nature-the-surprising-history-and-science-of-poison-ivy-and-its-relatives
https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(06)70299-X/fulltext
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104608
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_10
https://www.nature.com/articles/ni.3557
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791155/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11882-017-0752-8
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b38d/43a9bd5124a28c6af30be0b40a0f0dfd4340.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754306002977
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002510050094
https://www.jimmunol.org/content/162/11/6562
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239854087_Towards_the_use_of_CD1_presented_mycobacterial_lipids_in_vaccines
-------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/poison-oak-vine-growing-on-a-tree-trunk-gm1152057682-312423556
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/macro-of-grouped-leaves-on-poison-ivy-gm1159592737-317128071
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_vernix.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bed-of-poison-ivy-gm172300688-4050606
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urushiol.svg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/poison-ivy-gm1140817740-305413214
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/white-hamster-washing-after-meal-hwuzjgxswj7wgmjsl
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/deer-fawn-in-the-forest-of-the-catskill-mountains-in-new-york-state-usa-gm1183449197-332756379
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/poison-oak-gm180757907-24683394
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/human-t-cell-animation-hf03cya0xjp2slfk4
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_radicans,_leaves.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/poison-ivy-gm92323871-346520
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/poison-ivy-vector-illustration-educational-dangerous-urushoil-plant-scheme-gm1170652744-324017410
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poison_sumac_June2013.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/poison-oak-gm91769661-9218070
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/poison-ivy-gm471271885-14160784
The Best Dragon (According to Science)Check out Extra Credits' video: The Origin of Dragons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL8qSfXIo4M
We ranked dragons based on how biologically and evolutionarily plausible they are.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
___________________________________________
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Tetrapods: four-limbed (with a few exceptions, such as snakes which have vestigial limbs) animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda.
___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
What Happened to Smaug's Other Legs? 'Hobbit' FX Expert Explains http://www.mtv.com/news/1719502/smaug-hobbit-fx-explained/
How to fly your dragon, Journal of Physics Special topics https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/pst/article/view/870/802
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer, Editor and Video Narrator: Julián Gustavo Gómez (@ittakesii)
Video Illustrators: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) and Arcadi Garcia (@garirius)
Video Director: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman, Arcadi Garcia Rius
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Tennekes, H. (2009). The simple science of flight: from insects to jumbo jets. MIT press.
Azuma, A., Azuma, S., Watanabe, I., & Furuta, T. (1985). Flight mechanics of a dragonfly. Journal of experimental biology, 116(1), 79-107.
Habib, M. (2013). Constraining the air giants: limits on size in flying animals as an example of constraint-based biomechanical theories of form. Biological Theory, 8(3), 245-252.
The Taino myth of the cursed creator - Bill KeeganDive into the Taino myth of the sea, and watch as Deminan and his brothers accidentally create a new world from a giant gourd.
--
Before the world of humans began, there was the world of the gods. Four brothers wandered this celestial realm. One day, the brothers snuck into a spirit’s house and spotted a giant gourd hanging in the corner. But as they tried to look inside the gourd, they dropped it. It broke apart, releasing a deluge that formed a new world. Bill Keegan details the Taino myth of Deminan and the sea.
Lesson by Bill Keegan, directed by Franz Palomares.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Vaibhav Mirjolkar, Thomas Bahrman, Allan Hayes, Aidan Forero, Uday Kishore, Mikhail Shkirev, Devesh Kumar, Sunny Patel, Anuj Tomar, Lowell Fleming, David Petrovič, Hoai Nam Tran, Stina Boberg, Alexandrina Danifeld, Kack-Kyun Kim, Travis Wehrman, haventfiguredout, Caitlin de Falco, Ken, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Elena Crescia, Thomas Mungavan, Alejandro Cachoua, Jaron Blackburn, Yoga Trapeze Wanderlust, Sandy Nasser, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, Nicolle Fieldsend-Roxborough, John Saveland, Jason Garcia, Robson Martinho, Martin Lau, Senjo Limbu, Joe Huang, SungGyeong Bae, Christian Kurch, Begum Tutuncu, David Matthew Ezroj, Sweetmilkcoco, Raphaël LAURENT, Joe Meyers, Farah Abdelwahab, Brian Richards, Divina Grace Dar Santos, Jessie McGuire, Abdullah Altuwaijri and Sarah Burns.
5 Things We Get Still Wrong About Human ReproductionYou'd think we'd know everything there is to know about sexual reproduction. But as it turns out, there are still quite a few things we picked up that aren't exactly true, and we're here to correct that.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
New Eggs
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/2/93
https://www.britannica.com/science/ovum
Pregnancy During Periods
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5469003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27529/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028216445966
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327786/#ch5.s4
https://americanpregnancy.org/es/getting-pregnant/can-get-pregnant-period/
Not the Fastest Sperm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16272225
https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-abstract/6/9/1186/616038
https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(99)00095-3/fulltext
https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/12/4/363/2182337
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mrd.21234
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10231058
How Much Data Can Our Brains Store?Our brains aren't exactly like a computer's hard drive, but it can still be fun to think about just how much storage space we have in our noggins.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://kb.iu.edu/d/ackw
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367555/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3843897/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845078
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-estimate-boosts-the-human-brain-s-memory-capacity-10-fold/
https://elifesciences.org/articles/10778
https://aiimpacts.org/scale-of-the-human-brain/
IN YOUR FACE EXPLOSIVE CHEMISTRY!! (VR180)This is a VR180 video so pop on your Google Cardboard or VR Headset to be totally immersed in our world! No headset? No problem. Move your mobile phone around and catch the total 180 experience!
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Filmed on location at The University of Texas at Austin
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New Cancer Drug Results and Vampire Bat FriendshipsThis week, researchers announced a novel cancer drug has become the first of its kind to reach clinical trials. Also, new research into vampire bat friendships could help us learn more about animal (and human) behavior.
Thumbnail image credit: Uwe Schmidt
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/what-is-cancer.html
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/genetics/genes-and-cancer/oncogenes-tumor-suppressor-genes.html
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03600883
https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.3003
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5824632/
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/KRAS#normalfunction
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1694-1
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/phase-i-clinical-trial
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/kimmel_cancer_center/centers/melanoma/research/anti_pd_1.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/friendships/art-20044860
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100337
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.024
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeAiUBM18Cs
https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2019-10/cp-ari102419.php
AI Playing Games: Crash Course AI #12As we mentioned last episode, one of the best test spaces for building new AI systems are games. This is because games provide a great framework for an AI to learn an objective and slowly improve. In recent years, AI has made huge strides in games from beating Jeopardy! champions to crushing a five-person team in DOTA 2. Today, we’re going to walk you through creating a Tic Tac Toe bot that uses the minimax algorithm to become undefeatable and we’ll talk about evolutionary neural networks like in SethBling’s MarI/O project. Next week we’ll create our very own game and create an AI to master it!
Crash Course is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--
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That’s Probably Not a Spider BiteUnless you saw the spider bite you, that swollen, bite-looking lesion on your arm is probably something else, and blaming it on an innocent 8-legged critter might do more harm than good.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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----------
Sources:
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7468.html
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74149.html
http://www.derm.city/single-post/2017/02/22/NOT-RECLUSE%E2%80%94New-mnemonic-to-prevent-misdiagnosis-of-skin-conditions-as-spider-bites
http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcreclusespiders.htm
https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef631
https://entomologytoday.org/2018/01/29/brown-recluse-pest-management-tips-for-the-spider-thats-not-as-common-as-you-think/brown-recluse-range-map/
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sj701ns
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aa01/91bdba804301026aba6f1888e4f054883f67.pdf
https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/venomous-spiders-31606
https://spiders.ucr.edu/necrotic.html
https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/the-bite-of-the-brown-recluse
https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(02)25977-6/fulltext
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503
https://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/201509/JournalNews/JBCRecluse/
https://www.derm.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8635(18)30499-6/abstract
https://www.livescience.com/39996-brown-recluse-spiders.html
https://www.mdedge.com/clinicianreviews/article/71993/dermatology/bite-brown-recluse-spider/page/0/1
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311615.php
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4514
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537045/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071166/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086189/
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/16/515576450/is-that-a-brown-recluse-spider-bite-or-skin-cancer
https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/ippm/pages/oregonspiders.aspx
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170215121051.htm
----------
Images:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/23660854@N07/2257278948
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redback_spider_(5648356782).jpg
Are the illuminati real? - Chip BerletDownload a free audiobook version of "The Pillars of the Earth" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
Check out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/illuminati
--
The year was 1776. In Bavaria, new ideals of rationalism, religious freedom and universal human rights competed with the Catholic church’s heavy influence over public affairs. Adam Weishaupt, a law professor frustrated with the Church’s ideology, decided to spread his ideas through a secret society: the Illuminati. Chip Berlet dives into the history, ideals and rituals of the infamous group.
Lesson by Chip Berlet, directed by Brett Underhill.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Maryam Dadkhah, Kristiyan Bonev, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Emilia Alvarado, Jaime Arriola, Mirzat Tulafu, Lewis Westbury, Felipe Hoff, Rebecca Reineke, Cyrus Garay, Victoria Veretilo, Michael Aquilina, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Valeria Sloan Vasquez, Mike Azarkman, Yvette Mocete, Pavel Maksimov, Victoria Soler-Roig, Betsy Feathers, Samuel Barbas, Therapist Gus, Sai Krishna Koyoda, Elizabeth Parker, William Bravante, Irindany Sandoval, Mark wisdom, Brighteagle, Beatriz Inácio, Mighterbump, Pamela Harrison, Maija Chapman, Liana Switzer, Curtis Light, The Brock, Dianne Palomar, Edgar Campos Barrachina, Maria Lerchbaumer, Ever Granada, Marin Kovachev, Ravi S. Rāmphal, Penelope Misquitta, Tekin Gültekin, Jhuval, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur and Erik Biemans.
Your Cat Questions Answered! | CompilationThe kitties we let into our homes and hearts can have some strange and endearing behaviors, and we've made a fur-midable number of episodes about them! If you love cats, we've got a feline you're going to love this compilation!
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
Where Do Domestic Cats Come From?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53Jb7Y6eUUU
Why Do Cat Eyes Glow in the Dark?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xQQixUidPY
Why Can't My Cat Roar?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_yxZFjqQUg
Why Can't My Cat See a Treat in Front of Her Face?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBulWBs_xBg
Why Is Your Cat So Disgusted With You?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drpWDbT37Mk
Why Do Cats Like Catnip?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vH-lU7V9e8
Why Do Cats Knead?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WNdMwM_oFQ
Why Do Cats Love Boxes?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bbbxd4Tm0F4
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???? Which Planet is Closest? Spoiler: You're Wrong.Thank you to my patrons for making this video possible: https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=227816
Thoughts on the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIS0IFmbZaI
Discuss on the reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/CGPGrey/comments/dp5tx6/which_planet_is_closest/
Mercury is the closest planet to all seven other planets: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDgbVIqGADQ
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.3.20190312a/full/
Special thanks to: Abdullah Abdulaziz, Andrea Di Biagio, Andrew Proue, Bear, Ben Schwab, Bob Kunz, Cas Eliëns, Chris Amaris, Chris Chapin, Christian Cooper, chrysilis, Colin Millions, Dag Viggo Lokøen, David F WatsonDavid Palomares, Derek Bonner, Derek Jackson, Donal Botkin, DretheGreat, Edward Adams, Elizabeth Keathley, Emil, emptymachine, Erik Parasiuk, Esteban Santana Santana, Faust Fairbrook, Freddi Hørlyck, Gavin Voit, George Lin, Guillermo, Jacob O, James Bissonette, Jason Lewandowski, John Buchan, John Lee, John Rogers, JoJo Chehebar, ken mcfarlane, Kozo Ota, Leon, Maarten van der Blij, Marco Arment, Martin, Maxime Zielony, Michael Mrozek, Mikko, Nevin Spoljaric, Orbit_Junkie, Osric Lord-Williams, Peter Lomax, Phil Gardner, Rescla, Rhys Parry, Richard Jenkins, rictic, Ron Bowes, Saki Comandao, Shallon Brown, Shantanu Raj, ShiroiYami, Steven Grimm, Tianyu Ge, Tijmen van Dien, Tristan Watts-Willis, Tómas Ãrni Jónasson, Veronica Peshterianu, سليمان العقل
Music by: http://www.davidreesmusic.com
Re: Which Planet is Closest?Main video: https://youtu.be/SumDHcnCRuU
Mercury is the closest planet to all seven other planets: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDgbVIqGADQ
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.3.20190312a/full/
Is Pluto a Planet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_2gbGXzFbs
Discuss on the reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/CGPGrey/comments/dp5tx6/which_planet_is_closest/
The Congress of Vienna: Crash Course European History #23The end of the Napoleonic Wars left the great powers of Europe shaken. Judging from the destruction that had been wrought across the continent, it seemed to the powers that be that the Enlightenment had liberated the people, and led to disaster. So, everybody got together in Vienna to have a Congress, and to try to put Europe "right" again. By "right" I mean they wanted to go back to the old days of kings, queens, and nobles running the show. But this new yearning for the past pervaded the continent. Roomanticism arose at the same time, looking back at (imagined) golden age of Medieval Times. Today we'll talk about the Congress of Vienna, The Holy Alliance, and the Romantic movement across the arts.
Sources
-Blanning, Tim. The Romantic Revolution: A History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2011.
-Hunt, Lynn. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St Martin’s, 2019.
-Vick, Brian E. Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--
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#Crashcourse #history #europeanhistory
Carcolepsy: Why Do We Get Sleepy in Cars?Thanks to monday.com for sponsoring this episode. Head to http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1330420191009 to see all of monday.com’s team management features and select a plan that’s right for your organization!
Have you ever been driving down the highway and start to notice that you're feeling really relaxed, even sleepy? It turns out there are number of aspects of driving that can potentially conspire to lull our bodies into a potentially dangerous state of drowsiness.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/drivers/fatigue/road-accidents/
https://www.phillyvoice.com/infrequently-asked-questions-why-do-we-fall-asleep-so-easily-during-car-rides/
http://storeycountywindfarms.org/ref3_Impact_Sound_Pressure.pdf
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026309238500400103
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026309238800700303
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-17371-001
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0123835#sec013
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1307884?dopt=Abstract
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16139772?dopt=Abstract
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140139.2018.1482373?journalCode=terg20
https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2018/jul/vibrations-cars-drivers-sleepy
Claws vs. nails - Matthew BorthsDiscover the evolutionary purpose of nails, and explore the theories of why they evolved from claws over 55 million years ago.
--
Consider the claw. Frequently found on animals around the world, it’s one of nature’s most versatile tools. Bears use claws for digging as well as defense. An eagle’s needle-like talons can pierce the skulls of their prey. Even the ancestors of primates used to wield these impressive appendages, until their claws evolved into nails. So what caused this adaptation? Matthew Borths investigates.
Lesson by Matthew Borths, directed by Augenblick Studios.
Animator's website: https://www.augenblickstudios.com
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Brandy Sarver, Guy Hardy, Tu-Anh Nguyen, Karl Laius, Madee Lo, JY Kang, Marc Bou Zeid, Abhishek Goel, Charles A Hershberger, Coenraad Keuning, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Todd Gross, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Zhong Ming Zenny Tan, Karisa Caudill, Bruno Pinho, Derek Drescher, Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Amin Shahril, Mohamed Elsayed, Barthélémy Michalon, Chumi Ogbonna, Karlee Finch, Mohammad Said, jj5252, Kelvin Lam, Mauricio Basso, Athena Grace Franco, Tirath Singh Pandher, Melvin Williams, Tsz Hin Edmund Chan, Nicolas Silva, Raymond Lee, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Abdallah Absi, Dee Wei, Richard A Berkley, Tim Armstrong, Daniel Nester, Hashem Al, denison martins fernandes, Doug Henry, Arlene Spiegelman, Michał Friedrich and Joshua Wasniewski.
Could a Vaccine Prevent Type 1 Diabetes?Measles, mumps, and polio are things we can prevent with vaccines, but scientists are looking to add a surprising entry to that list: Type 1 diabetes.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Matt Curls, Sam Buck, Christopher R Boucher, Avi Yashchin, Adam Brainard, Greg, Alex Hackman, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, Piya Shedden, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
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----------
Sources:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5444/61378776ee3bff6653d1be1c735d927350f2.pdf
https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/44/1/125.full-text.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077770/#R
http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023146
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1984393/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705562
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.23305
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001250100617.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4478578/#B3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17130545
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4300932
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984451
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-4177-z
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-011-2305-3
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/1/151.short
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822702001985
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353017
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-017-4492-z
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X17307053
https://www.sciencealert.com/this-vaccine-could-prevent-many-cases-of-type-1-diabetes
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-017-4410-4
------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/little-girl-with-type-i-diabetes-gm485446207-38666704
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/mature-diabetic-patient-taking-a-blood-test-gm865903474-143856411
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/insulin-inject-needle-isolated-on-white-background-and-copyspace-gm1174607589-326745230
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/dna-helix-in-close-up-htvthnpgzjbex8llw
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coxsackie_B4_virus.JPG
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/close-up-hands-of-scientist-holding-white-laboratory-rat-when-discussing-research-details-with-colleague-smwrab-1qjhhe202w
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/babys-feet-in-the-toes-bhd_2mahgjd1uthhj
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/mother-and-baby-visiting-doctors-office-qzer5ig
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/diaper-with-hand-written-word-on-blue-background-gm1078594872-288978808
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/close-up-shot-of-scientists-hand-in-rubber-gloves-holding-white-laboratory-rat-other-scientist-looking-at-it-rm7itswkmjhhdz67n
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/medical-vials-manufacturing-line-at-pharmaceutical-factory-quality-control-of-pharmaceutical-vials-drugs-automated-production-line-ampoules-on-pharmaceutical-manufacturing-line-at-pharmacy-factory-hev77ymxzj2kfnwwe
How close are we to uploading our minds? - Michael S.A. GrazianoInvestigate the possibility of scanning the human brain and uploading our minds and consciousness to a digital world.
--
Imagine a future where nobody dies— instead, our minds are uploaded to a digital world. There they could live on in a realistic, simulated environment with avatar bodies, calling in and contributing to the biological world. Mind-uploading has powerful appeal— but what would it actually take to scan a person’s brain and upload their mind? Michael S. A. Graziano explores the challenges.
Lesson by Michael S. A. Graziano, directed by Lobster Studio.
Animator's website: https://www.lobsterstudio.tv
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! João Henrique Rodrigues, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, SANG HAN, Amy Lopez, ReuniteKorea, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Clovis Norroy, Danielle Downs, Nik Maier, Angel Pantoja, Nishant Suneja, 张晓雨, Srinivasa C Pasumarthi, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Sandra Fuller Bocko, Alex Pierce, Lawrence Teh Swee Kiang, BRENDAN NEALE, Jane White, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Won Jang, Nick Johnson, Tariq Keblaoui, Carlos H. Costa, Eimann P. Evarola, Aleksandr Lyozin, Mohamed Elsayed, Alan Wilder, Marcus Appelbaum, Francisco Leos, Kevin O'Leary, Les Howard, Ten Cha, Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov and igor romanenko.
6 Reasons We Have to Say a Study Was "In Mice"A lot of our videos include the disclaimer "Mice aren't people." But why do we keep saying this, and if rodent studies aren't effective, why do we keep using them?
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Why Do Corgi Mixes Always Look Like Corgis?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Humans have had a soft spot for these furry little mutants ever since our friendship with dogs began, but why is it that Corgi mixes often just look like a Corgi that’s wearing a costume?
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627552/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748762/
https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/dog/CDDY.php
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2009/07/16/the-copied-gene-that-gave-dachshunds-and-corgis-their-short-legs/
https://www.pnas.org/content/114/43/11476
Loudest Bird in the World Screams at its Mate | SciShow NewsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their 60+ courses in math, computer science, and scientific thinking. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
A tiny Brazillian bird holds the new world record for singing loud, and we mean really loud! Like, ambulance and thunder-peal loud. Plus, food scientists have borrowed a medical technique to give fake meat a more realistic texture.
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TREE vs Graham's Number - NumberphileThe biggest number we've ever tackled - TREE of Graham's Number.
Supporting #TeamTrees on a quest to plant 20 million trees - https://www.teamtrees.org/ (Original brown papers from this video available to support the campaign - http://bit.ly/brownpapers)
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Extra footage from this interview: https://youtu.be/wqdOnEnfJXM
Big Numbers: http://bit.ly/Big_Numbers
More on Graham's Number: https://youtu.be/XTeJ64KD5cg
Ron Graham videos: http://bit.ly/Ron_Graham
More on TREE(3): https://youtu.be/3P6DWAwwViU
Moon Trees: https://youtu.be/6qGbkFhxYhs
Video guides to Tree Species: http://bit.ly/TreesPlants
Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile
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Terrific Trees: A SciShow #TeamTrees CompilationFrom the Avocado to Pando, we love trees! They do so much for us, from making oxygen so we can breathe, to cooling urban environments, to literally holding the ground together to prevent erosion! The SciShow team is joining #TeamTrees to help plant 20 million trees by 2020. You can help too by donating at https://teamtrees.org/ and helping to spread the word. For every $1 raised, the Arbor Day Foundation will plant one tree.
For the original videos and sources in this video:
Why Avocados Shouldn't Exist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00KGL-HKPhU
Bringing Back the American Chestnut
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe4G9tTzeW0
Why do Leaves Change Color in the Fall
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwA1QVsbD6g
What's The Oldest Tree in the World?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Zf6LE0HcFo
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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What Would Trees Look Like On Other Planets? #TeamTreesWe’re on PATREON now! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Why are trees and other plants green? Seems like a simple question. But the answer is full of surprises. Using a special camera that can pick up light just beyond the visible range, into the near-infrared, you’ll get to see trees like you’ve never seen them before. And these other-worldly images can teach us not only why trees are green on Earth, but what color photosynthetic life on other planets might be.
#TeamTrees
References: (coming soon)
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How to Plant 20 MILLION TREES - Smarter Every Day 227 #TeamTreesGo to http://teamtrees.org and plant trees!
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#TeamTrees
#teamtrees
#20MillionTrees
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
GET SMARTER SECTION
Donate at http://teamtrees.org and help us get to 20 Million Trees!
A more in depth look at the longleaf pine and how fire factors in to the ecosystem can be found on the second channel here: https://youtu.be/qJWG7raBlT8
Check out all the other Team Trees videos made by other creators by clicking here:
Huge thank you to Dr. Kush and Dr. Barlow at Auburn University's School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences.
https://sfws.auburn.edu
Another huge thank you to Ashlyn and Bob at the EO Wilson Biophilia Center! Their efforts and education activities were incredibly helpful to let me understand the ecosystem.
http://www.eowilsoncenter.org/
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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How Much Air Can A Tree Hold? #TeamTrees???????????? Go to https://teamtrees.org ???????????? Let's plant some trees! #TeamTrees
Trees can take an astounding amount of carbon out of the air, which is good, because we need to do that times a trillion.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
___________________________________________
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
carbon: element that makes up half of tree wood by weight
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And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexreich) and Peter Reich
Script Editor and Video Narrator: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) and Arcadi Garcia (@garirius)
Video Director: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman, Arcadi Garcia Rius
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Le Quéré, C et al. Global Carbon Budget 2018. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2141–2194, 2018
JF Bastin, JF et al.The global tree restoration potential. Science 365 (6448), 76-79
Pillsbury NH; ML Kirkley. 1984. Equations for total, wood, and saw-log volume for thirteen California hardwoods. Res. Note PNW-RN-414. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p
B. W. Griscom et al. 2017. Natural Climate Solutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, 11645–11650.
Roe S et al. 2019. Contributon of the land sector to a 1.5C world. Nature Climate Change (in press)
Let’s plant 20 million trees together! #TeamTreesJoin #TeamTrees and become a part of the biggest YouTube collaboration in history! Let’s work together to reforest our beautiful world, combat climate change and secure the funds to plant 20 million trees by the first day of 2020!
--
What if every YouTube creator and YouTube community member joined forces to acheive a singular goal? Team Trees' mission is to help reforest our beautiful world by raising funds to plant at 20 million trees by 2020. Reforestation is one of the most effective natural solutions to the climate crisis, and if we raise $20 million by the end of 2019, the Arbor Day Foundation will plant 20 million trees across 6 continents. TED-Ed Community, let's spread the word and plant some trees!
Donate by clicking on the blue "Donate" button. And remember, every dollar counts!
Learn more about this campaign: https://www.teamtrees.org.
Learn more about the Arbor Day Foundation: https://www.arborday.org
We made a song using 20,000,000 TREES #TeamTreesFor #TeamTrees we created a song using ONLY TREES
Let's plant 20,000,000 Trees together!
DONATE HERE: https://teamtrees.org/
Created by Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown
This song is inspired by "Girls" by The Beastie Boys
Send us stuff!
ASAPSCIENCE INC.
P.O. Box 93, Toronto P
Toronto, ON, M5S2S6
Why Trees Are Out to Get YouWant to help plant 20M trees by 2020? Go to https://teamtrees.org #teamtrees
Huge thanks to all the YouTubers who organized this. My apologies for the repost.
These videos are from 2012 so my interest in trees goes back a long ways. I think these videos discuss two of the most interesting and amazing facts about our leafy friends: they are made mostly of CO2 (which comes from us breathing out amongst other sources) and they can transport water up a tube higher than any we can currently manufacture. So trees are out to get you. But we do much worse to them so we owe it to them to plant some more. 20 mil is a good start.
I Can't Believe It's Not WoodGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their 60+ courses in math, computer science, and scientific thinking. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
We have some good reasons for wanting to make fake wood, but wood is complex and intricate. Can we create a good wood substitute?
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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https://www.britannica.com/science/anisotropy
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1975.tb04002.x
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079642517300543
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1743280415Y.0000000009
https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/8778
https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr190/chapter_12.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464391X0400234X
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/vnl.20009
https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/8778
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/vnl.730010307.n
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993715000111
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021955X07076969
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http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/127/4/1513.short
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https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat7223
https://web.stanford.edu/~rayan/wood/wood
The Greek myth of Talos, the first robot - Adrienne MayorGet to know the myth of Talos, a robot powered by ichor and created by Hephaestus to defend the island kingdom of Crete from intruders.
--
Hephaestus, god of technology, was hard at work on his most ingenious invention yet. He was creating a new defense system for King Minos, who wanted fewer intruders on his island kingdom of Crete. But mortal guards and ordinary weapons wouldn’t suffice, so the visionary god devised an indomitable new defender. Adrienna Mayor dives into the myth of Talos: the first robot.
Lesson by Adrienne Mayor, directed by Cabong Studios.
Animator's website: https://www.cabongstudios.com.br
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Monkeypatcher, Laurence McMillan, Connor Roberts, Dmitry Neverov, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Avinash Amarnath, Eric McDaniel, Cristian Cristian, France Lipužič, EdoKun, Rare Media, Rayo, Faizan , Elizabeth Gu, Nazmul Idris, Po Foon Kwong, Siobhan O'Connor Gwozdz, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Jan-Erik, Scott Markley, Kaitlyn holland, Elija Peterson, Michele Lynn Rose, Jai Prasanth, Vack91, David Lucsanyi, Xavier dupont, Marisa Miller, Boytsov Ilya, Steven Razey, Javier Aldavaz, Nathan Giusti, Mada Arslan, Joichiro Yamada, Ritul Raghavan, Aline de Paula Zillig, Yambu Ganesh Shaw, Abeer Rajbeen, John Hong, Minh Tran, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Turine Tran, Mathew Samuel, Karthik Balsubramanian, Lee, Livia-Alexandra Sarban and Annastasshia Ames.
What Is The Scariest Thing?Everyone is scared of something ... but what's the SCARIEST thing? Is it even possible to answer such a question? In this special I explore the dark recesses of the mind to learn how fears are born and whether there exists a grand, unifying terror.
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MIND FIELD IS NOW FREE:
SEASON 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqKdEhx-dD4&list=PLZRRxQcaEjA4qyEuYfAMCazlL0vQDkIj2
SEASON 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sl5KJ69qiA&list=PLZRRxQcaEjA7wmh3Z6EQuOK9fm1CqnJCI
SEASON 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktkjUjcZid0&list=PLZRRxQcaEjA7LX19uAySGlc9hmprBxfEP
Why Do Humans Like to Get High?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their 60+ courses in math, computer science, and scientific thinking. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
"We’ve told you before that there really isn’t any evidence that animals consume mind-altering substances because they feel good to them. This makes it appear that the fondness for psychoactive drugs is, pretty...human. What is it about our species that makes us so attracted to these substances?"
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Sources:
Rodents
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2007.1673
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5741108/
https://theoutline.com/post/2205/this-38-year-old-study-is-still-spreading-bad-ideas-about-addiction?zd=1&zi=mhy2cxbh
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683998/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128122020000026
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695138/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567158/
How Big Can Black Holes Grow?Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their 60+ course in math, computer science, and scientific thinking. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Black Holes are known for consuming everything that falls into them, but is there a point where these galactic devourers can't stomach anymore?
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Hawking's black hole paradox explained - Fabio PacucciWhere does quantum information go when it enters a black hole? Investigate the theories of the black hole information paradox.
--
Today, one of the biggest paradoxes in the universe threatens to unravel modern science: the black hole information paradox. Every object in the universe is composed of particles with unique quantum properties and even if an object is destroyed, its quantum information is never permanently deleted. But what happens to that information when an object enters a black hole? Fabio Pacucci investigates.
Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Artrake Studio.
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
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Why Are Adults Bad At New Languages?Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
Learning a new language as an adult is harder than doing so as a child because adults usually aren’t as invested and often use the wrong strategies.
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Second-Language Acquisition: The process of a language that’s not the speaker’s native language.
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Monitor Model: A group of hypotheses that propose that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously acquired.
Sociolinguistics: The study of language in relation to all sorts of social factors.
Linguistic Investment: A motivation to learn a language based on the understanding that the speaker will acquire a wider range of symbolic and material resources, which will in turn increase the value of their cultural capital and social power.
Hyperpolyglot: A person who can speak and understand more than six languages.
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References:
Hartshorne, J., Tenenbaum, J., and Pinker, S. (2018). A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers. Cognition. 177: 263-277. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027718300994
Bigelow, M., and Tarone, E. (2004). The Role of Literacy Level in Second Language Acquisition: Doesn't Who We Study Determine What We Know? TESOL Quarterly. 38(4): 689-700. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3588285?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Darvin, R. and Norton, B. (2015). Identity and a Model of Investment in Applied Linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 35: 36-56. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annual-review-of-applied-linguistics/article/identity-and-a-model-of-investment-in-applied-linguistics/91EE4C7572272B233A16286768E0E5B8.
Pierce, B. (2015). Social Identity, Investment, and Language Learning. TESOL Quarterly. 29(1): 9-31. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3587803?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
Derakshan, A. (2015). The Interference of First Language and Second Language Acquisition. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 5(10):2112-211. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283524046_The_Interference_of_First_Language_and_Second_Language_Acquisition.
Rao, P., and Knaus, E. (2008). Evolution of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibition and Beyond. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 11 (2): 81-110. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19203472.
Bigelow, M. (2019). Personal Communication. Department of Curriculum and Instruction. University of Minnesota.
Paesani, K. (2019). Personal Communication. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. University of Minnesota.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Crash Course European History #22We try not to get into too much great man history here at Crash Course, but we have to admit: Napoleon Bonaparte is a pretty big deal. Join us as we track the rise, further rise, fall, rise, fall, mortal fall, and posthumous rise of Napoleon. This guy changed France, he changed Europe, and in a lot of ways he changed the world.
Sources
-Al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman, Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation of 1798, Shmuel Moreh, ed. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1993.
-Bell, David A. Napoleon: A Concise Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2017.
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How We Could Prevent a Global Rice ShortageGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Artificial Neural Networks course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
Rice production needs to see a 50% increase by 2030 to keep up with population growth, but as the climate warms, rice plants will likely become less efficient. Fortunately, scientists are working on a pretty clever potential solution.
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This Face Changes the Human StoryWe’re on PATREON now! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Greetings, fellow Homo sapiens. Our species is the only remaining member of the genus of upright, walking apes known as Homo. Where did we come from? Our history just got a whole lot more complicated (in a good way) thanks to some incredible new fossils unearthed in South Africa over the past few years. I got to visit them, and the scientists who discovered them, to learn their story and ours. Meet your cousin: Homo naledi #homonaledi #humanorigins #evolution
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-Lee Berger, Marina Elliott, and Becca Peixotto for letting me meet Neo and for explaining their science!
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-The Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Dallas, Texas. “Origins: Fossils From the Cradle of Humankind” will be on display through early 2020: https://www.perotmuseum.org/exhibits-and-films/traveling-exhibition/origins.html
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The Mayan myth of the morning starDiscover the Mayan myth of Venus, the morning star plotting revenge on his brother, the sun, and his allies.
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Chak Ek’, the morning star, rose from the underworld to the surface of the eastern sea and on into the heavens. His brother K’in Ahaw, the sun, followed. Though Chak Ek’ had risen first, K’in Ahaw outshone him, and the resentful Chak Ek’ descended back to the underworld to plot against his brother and his allies. Gabrielle Vail details the Mayan myth of the morning star.
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6 Seriously Impressive Animal MigrationsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Scientific Thinking course. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
There are some seriously impressive journeys that animals will undertake to avoid the cold, to give birth, or to find food. All kinds of creatures migrate that you might not think about; some big and familiar, and others so small, you can barely see them.
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Firehawks: Nature's ArsonistsGo to http://curiositystream.com/scishow to start streaming The History of Food. Use the promo code ‘scishow’ during the sign-up process to get your first 31 days free!
We all know that birds are incredibly smart, but some birds in Australia take things to the next level — they can intentionally start fires!
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Sources:
https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Ethnobiology/volume-37/issue-4/0278-0771-37.4.700/Intentional-Fire-Spreading-by-Firehawk-Raptors-in-Northern-Australia/10.2993/0278-0771-37.4.700.short
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-03/smart-bushfire-birds/7216934
https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/australian-raptors-start-fires-to-flush-out-prey
https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1970.72.3.02a00130
Robots Can Have Skin Now | SciShow NewsDesigning skin for robots was out of reach for a long time, but last week, scientists announced they successfully made the first autonomous robot with full-body skin!
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Robot skin
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8812712
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92803/
Why We're So Bad at Recycling PlasticPlastic is quickly becoming a problem and we're eager to point fingers, but honestly, the reason there's so much plastic everywhere isn't just because of human negligence.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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The Forgotten Flexagon - NumberphileMatt Parker discusses the forgotten flexagon... Extra footage at: https://youtu.be/_UXyRug_6qE
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How to 3D print human tissue - Taneka JonesExplore the science of bioprinting, a type of 3D printing that uses bioink, a printable material that contains living cells.
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There are currently hundreds of thousands of people on transplant lists, waiting for critical organs like kidneys, hearts and livers that could save their lives. Unfortunately, there aren’t enough donor organs available to fill that demand. What if, instead of waiting, we could create new, customized organs from scratch? Taneka Jones explores bioprinting, a new branch of regenerative medicine.
Lesson by Taneka Jones, directed by Hype CG.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora Slydell, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Noel Situ, Elliot Poulin, emily lam, Juan, Jordan Tang, Kent Logan, Alexandra Panzer, Laura Cameron Keith, Jen, Ellen Spertus, Cailin Ramsey, Markus Goldhacker, Leora Allen, Andras Radnothy, Chris, Arpita Singh, Vijayalakshmi, Marc Bilodeau, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, paul g mohney, Maya Toll, Sebastian Regez, Bruno Hannud, Andreas Voltios, Shubham Arora, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Akinola Emmanuel, Kyanta Yap, Ricardo Rendon Cepeda, Ana Maria, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Ernest Chow, Bela Namyslik, Alan Froese, Anika Westburg, Nick Cozby, Shawar Khan, Michael Braun-Boghos, Rohan Gupta, Elizabeth Cruz, Yujing Jiang, Sarah Lundegaard, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Georg Gusewski, Rohit Lodha, Erica Zhuang and Aaron Henson.
Hank vs Aranda: The FINAL FACE-OFF | SciShow Quiz ShowTwo SciShow hosts go head-to-head in a battle to figure out who will be the reigning champion for this era of SciShow Quiz Show!
Eons: http://youtube.com/eons
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Sources:
Question 1
https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/purple_tomato_faq
https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/141/1/article-p54.xml
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-03/asfh-gma030816.php
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002364380500229X
Your Appendix Isn't Useless, After AllThanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video. Go to Squarespace.com for a free trial and when you’re ready to launch, go to http://squarespace.com/scishow and add code “SCISHOW" at checkout to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
You probably think the appendix is a useless organ left over from our evolutionary past, but it turns out it may be doing something important after all.
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Sources:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1631068316300653
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30606811
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25588621
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044532318300010
https://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(17)30570-5/fulltext
https://www.healthline.com/health/appendicitis
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Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/human-digestive-system-anatomy-gm1028277968-275651162
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/australian-animals-gm578113418-99372661
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/farm-animals-gm610232370-104709955
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/opossum-one-of-the-most-bloodthirsty-animals-gm644665492-116975805
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/the-human-intestinal-structure-medical-diagram-structure-of-the-digestive-organs-gm1129799882-298581710
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/human-digestive-organs-vector-illustration-gm609440688-104438979
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/surgeons-performing-a-medical-operation-13-of-15-vi39nfr
We Made Deepfakes of Famous YouTubersWe made Deepfakes of James Charles, Jeffree Star and Shane Dawson to show you how easy they are to make now
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