22 Solar System Facts | List Show 536The solar system: it’s big, it’s heliocentric, and it’s got space junk to spare. In this episode of The List Show, Erin (@erincmccarthy) shares 22 out of this world facts about the corner of space that’s home to Earth, enough asteroids to keep Ben Affleck working for decades, and a football-shaped dwarf planet called Haumea.
Astronomy enthusiasts and NASA know-it-alls will want to watch. You’ll learn how many Earths would fit inside Jupiter, why Pluto lost its status as a planet, and some of the places in the solar system that have shown promising signs of life.
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Was the Apollo Program a Bad Idea? | A SciShow DocumentaryThank you to our Patreon patrons and Draper's "We Hack the Moon" initiative for supporting this very special episode of SciShow. Go to https://wehackthemoon.com to learn more about how engineers guided us to the moon and back with a fraction of today's technology.
The Apollo program was famous for being risky and expensive. It had a crunched timeline, daring astronauts, and lacked modern tech, and that all kind of makes you wonder… was the Apollo program a bad idea?
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Check out the playlist to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing we made!: https://youtu.be/6VOLucXZOtI
#Apollo #MoonLanding #Science #Engineering #STEM
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Why Can't I Pee in Public Bathrooms?Paruresis or “Shy Bladder Syndrome” is the inability to pee in public. If this sounds like you, have hope; it’s super treatable!
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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The Cruel Irony Of Air ConditioningThanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
The technology we use to keep cool is heating the world in a vicious feedback cycle, so we need to improve it and use it less.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with this keyword:
Refrigerant - a substance used in air conditioners & refrigerators for its ability to change phases and transfer heat
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If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
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People use AC to make their homes feel like Africa: http://bit.ly/2Y9fOH3
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With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Sarah Berman
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References:
European Commission. Climate-friendly alternatives to HFCs. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gas/alternatives_en Accessed May 2019.
Gunawardena, K. R., et al. 2017. Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity. Science of the Total Environment, 584, 1040-1055. http://bit.ly/2GbBuHY
Graves, R. Pers. comm. May 2019.
International Energy Agency. 2017. Space cooling: More access, more comfort, less energy. https://www.iea.org
International Energy Agency. 2018. The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy- efficient air conditioning. https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/
International Institute of Refrigeration. Nov 2017. The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change. http://bit.ly/30A56Xh
Keeler, B. L., et al. 2019. Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature. Nature Sustainability, 2(1), 29. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0202-1
Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2016. Recovery, Recycling & Destruction of CFC, HCFC, & HFC. https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/ozone/leaf2016/04.pdf
Pakbaznia, E., & Pedram, M. 2009. Minimizing data center cooling and server power costs. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design (pp. 145-150). http://bit.ly/2JDL5bN
Reardon, C. & Clarke, R. 2013. Passive cooling. Australian Government: Your Home. http://bit.ly/2LNMmj7
Sachar, S., et al. 2018. Solving the Global Cooling Challenge: How to Counter the Climate Threat from Room Air Conditioners. Rocky Mountain Institute. www.rmi.org/insight/solving_the_global_cooling_challenge
Sadineni, S. B., et al. 2011. Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(8), 3617-3631. http://bit.ly/2G9uGec
Sivak, M. 2013. Air conditioning versus heating: climate control is more energy demanding in Minneapolis than in Miami. ERL, 8(1), 014050. http://bit.ly/2SbyOix
Zhang, X., & Caldeira, K. 2015. Time scales and ratios of climate forcing due to thermal versus carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. GRL, 42(11), 4548-4555. http://bit.ly/2LS8id0
Zhao, L., et al. 2015. Reduction of potential greenhouse gas emissions of room air-conditioner refrigerants: a life cycle carbon footprint analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 100, 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.063
Can you solve the dark matter fuel riddle? - Dan FinkelAn ancient, abandoned alien space station has been discovered. Can you beat everyone in the galaxy and reach it first?
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It’s an incredible discovery: an abandoned alien space station filled with precursor technology. Now every species in the galaxy is in a mad dash to get there first, but you’ve got a problem. Your ship can’t hold enough fuel to get you there unless you vent caches of it into space at precise points and then come back for the fuel later. Can you reach the alien space station? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Daniel Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Chhunheng Veng, Leonardo Monrroy, Sumedh Ghaisas, Guhten, Amer Harb, Dowey Baothman, Norbert Orgován, Shafeeq Ansari, Gabriel Balsa, Maryam Sultan, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Adam Foreman, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Lâm Nguyễn, Mark Byers, Bradley Heinold, Monkeypatcher, Laurence McMillan, Connor Roberts, Dmitry Neverov, Tonya Ratliff-Garrison, Avinash Amarnath, Eric McDaniel, Cristian Cristian, France Lipužič, EdoKun , Rare Media, Rayo, Faizan , Elizabeth Gu, Nazmul Idris, Po Foon Kwong, Siobhan O'Connor Gwozdz, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Jan-Erik, Scott Markley, Kaitlyn holland, Elija Peterson, Michele Lynn Rose, Jai Prasanth, Vack91, David Lucsanyi, Xavier dupont and Marisa Miller.
4 Big Reasons to Get Your Eyes Checked (Even With 20/20 Vision)This video was sponsored by Simple Contacts. Go to http://simplecontacts.com/scishow and use the promo code “scishow” to get $20 off your next order of contacts. If you don't have vision problems, getting an eye exam probably hasn't been your top priority, however visiting an ophthalmologist won't just tell you about your eyes, it can reveal a lot about your health. Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Playlist50 years ago, humans walked on the moon! Let's celebrate by watching some of our favorite videos about the Apollo missions.
To watch the playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsNB4peY6C6LazjKFZQAzCjqPr3-Y8M1T
#Apollo #Moon #Education #Science #STEM
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Why We Are Losing the Night SkyCheck out America From Scratch: https://youtu.be/LVuEJ15J19s
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It never gets dark anymore. Not REALLY dark, anyway. Not like it used to. Light pollution is not only making it more difficult to see the night sky, but it's also affecting our health. For the past century and a half, since the dawn of electric light, we’ve been losing our connection to the night. We need artificial light for modern society, of course. The problem is, we need darkness for our health, and for the health of wildlife and ecosystems, and we’re not getting enough of it. I traveled to McDonald Observatory in far west Texas, one of the darkest places in North America, to learn what people are doing in order to preserve dark skies, and to see truly dark skies for myself (and so I could show them to you!). This video features time lapse night sky images that I’ve been collecting for the past few years, and I hope they make you feel something special. Turn out the lights, keep looking up, and don’t be afraid of the dark.
#lightpollution #darkskies #astronomy
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6 Ways Species Rely on Humans for SurvivalSometimes, a species has declined so dramatically that they require serious human intervention to ensure they don’t disappear forever. Here are six ways we’re using conservation and science to keep those species alive.
#Science #STEM #Conservation
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/62/10/869/238036
https://www.allaboutbirds.org/the-dilemma-of-conservation-reliance-when-a-species-needs-help-indefinitely/
Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12There was a lot of bad stuff going on in Europe in the 17th century. We've seen wars, plagues, and unrest of all types. But, there is some good news. Huge advances were underway in the scientific community in Europe at this time. In this video we'll look at the progress of knowledge with Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Harvey, Newton, and more.
Sources
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Porter, Roy and Mikulás Teich, eds. The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
-Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, HAIXIANG N/A LIU, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, DAVID NOE, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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The Dehn Invariant - NumberphileIt was #3 on Hilbert's list of the most important problems in mathematics - until his student solved it.
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Featuring Daniel Litt, currently at the Institute for Advanced Study - https://twitter.com/littmath
David Hilbert's problems: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_problems
Max Dehn's famed proof: https://archive.org/details/mathematischean33behngoog/page/n488
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This Flatworm Remembers Things After You Cut Off Its BrainGo to http://CuriosityStream.com/SciShow to start streaming The Year of the Hedgehog. Use the promo code scishow during the sign-up process to get your first 31 days free.
Planarians are flatworms most known for being able to grow a new head if it gets cut off, but perhaps even stranger is the fact that their new head retains some of the memories from the old one.
Hosted by: Michel Aranda
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Sources:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alejandro_Sanchez_Alvarado/publication/8241716_Fundamentals_of_planarian_regeneration/links/0fcfd50668a9c89093000000.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1017/S031716710003537X
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12523550
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1962-00603-001
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-6565-3_18
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/20/3799.full
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084952117301982
https://sharpbrains.com/blog/2008/02/26/brain-plasticity-how-learning-changes-your-brain/
https://www.popsci.com/what-is-muscle-memory/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19420889.2015.1073424
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00902/full
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Images:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Dugesia_liguriensis.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dugesia_subtentaculata_1.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_headed_Dugesia_japonica.jpg
The (Arguably) Most Important Instrument in PhysicsThermometers might seem like a basic instrument, but science would not be the same without them, and they helped us understand one of the most important ideas in all of science: the conservation of energy.
Crash Course - History of Science: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hjGgFgnYIA&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNppY8ZHMPDH5TKK2UpU8Ng
Hosted by: Hank Green
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How a Butterfly’s Wingbeat CAN Change the WeatherYou may have heard of the butterfly effect, where butterflies flapping their wings somehow cause tornadoes. Although it seems pretty unlikely, butterflies can affect the weather, just not in the way you might think.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.1977
https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281963%29020%3C0130%3ADNF%3E2.0.CO%3B2
https://web.archive.org/web/20130612164541/http://eaps4.mit.edu/research/Lorenz/Butterfly_1972.pdf
http://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-chaos-theory-10620
http://mpe.dimacs.rutgers.edu/2013/03/17/chaos-in-an-atmosphere-hanging-on-a-wall/
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=839
https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.17335
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164070405000881?via%3Dihub
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjb/e2012-20799-5
http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/06/08/the_meaning_of_the_butterfly/?page=full
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Images:
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/butterfly-on-flower-q7ml8zm
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4563
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30644
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_7090_console_used_by_a_meteorologist,_1965.jpg
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3913
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10953
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/large-swarm-of-butterflies-flying-upward-loop-d43exyt
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADouble_pendulum_simultaneous_realisations.ogv
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30701
The magical, mathematical fictions of Jorge Luis Borges - Ilan StavansDive into the mind-bending works of Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges, whose work pioneered the literary style magical realism.
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What would it be like to have a limitless memory? Can the meaning of life be found in an infinite library? Is time a labyrinth or a single moment? Jorge Luis Borges explored these questions of infinity in his many works. His body of essays, poems and stories pioneered the literary style known as magical realism— and each was just a few pages long. Ilan Stavans dives into the world of Borges.
Lesson by Ilan Stavans, directed by Aim Creative Studios.
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Over-Apologizing Less with Vanessa Hill | SciShow Talk ShowToday Hank talks with Vanessa Hill of BrainCraft about being an educational YouTuber, and how to use science to be better, and Jessi brings Cayenne the Patagonian cavy and Pumpkin the guinea pig in for a visit.
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Is An 8K TV Worth It?The newest 8K TVs have 33 million pixels - but can you even see that many?
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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----------
Sources:
https://www.pcmag.com/article/358604/what-is-8k-should-you-buy-a-new-tv-or-wait
https://wolfcrow.com/notes-by-dr-optoglass-the-resolution-of-the-human-eye/
https://wolfcrow.com/how-to-find-the-right-cinema-or-tv-viewing-distance/
https://blog.eyewire.org/what-is-the-highest-resolution-humans-can-distinguish/
https://www.t3.com/news/high-resolution-cinema-4k-8k-and-beyond
https://stari.co/tv-monitor-viewing-distance-calculator
https://en.letsgodigital.org/televisions-tvs/tv-screens-size-trends/
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150727-what-are-the-limits-of-human-vision
https://www.opt.uh.edu/onlinecoursematerials/PHOP6241/Anderson/Fall%202015/Visual%20Acuity%20POVS_15.pdf
https://stanford.edu/class/ee267/lectures/lecture5.pdf
https://www.opt.uh.edu/onlinecoursematerials/PHOP6241/Anderson/Fall%202015/Visual%20Acuity%20POVS_15.pdf
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003396.htm
https://ia801708.us.archive.org/33/items/sizeoflettersreq1180howe/sizeoflettersreq1180howe.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220/
https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s2/chapter14.html
https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/1666/0000/Color-spatial-acuity-control-of-a-screen-subdivision-image-synthesis/10.1117/12.135984.short?SSO=1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15850814
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11822589
https://journals.lww.com/internat-ophthalmology/Citation/2003/43020/Contrast_Sensitivity_and_Limits_of_Vision.6.aspx
Apollo’s Most Important Discovery (Inside NASA’s Moon Rock Vault!)More moon rocks on Smarter Every Day ►► https://youtu.be/QxZ_iPldGtI
And Objectivity ►► https://youtu.be/yvhLBzsDwSQ
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
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Fifty years ago, we sent the first astronauts to walk on the moon’s face. But what they brought back is just as important as what got them there. I’m talking about moon rocks, guys. And I got to go visit NASA’s lunar sample vault to learn more about them! NASA’s moon rock collection has helped us learn so much about the early solar system, the formation of rocky planets like ours, and where our moon came from. And let me tell you, the story of our moon is a VIOLENT one. It involves the word “magmoon”. That’s an awesome word! Enjoy this video, and I hope you learn not just some lunar geology, but also how exploring the moon helped change what the space program was all about.
#apollo #moon #apollo50
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Objectivity Vid ►► https://youtu.be/yvhLBzsDwSQ
Joe's IOTBS Vid ►► https://youtu.be/Qr28zMXQ3bU ⇊ Click below for more links! ⇊
Brady's Objectivity Video:
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Joe Hanson's video on "It's Okay To Be Smart"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr28zMXQ3bU
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A HUGE thank you to Andrea Mosie - Lab Manager
(You're one of my favorite people Andrea...you made a lasting impression!)
Also thank you to:
Ryan Zeigler (Apollo Sample Curator), and
Curators:
Charis Hall Krysher
Judy Allton
Linda Watts
Carla Gonzalez
A personal thank you to Gordon for setting this up.
Checkout this picture of Curation back in the day:
https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lun-fac.cfm
https://www.nasa.gov/mediacast/meet-the-women-of-curation
GET SMARTER SECTION
CATALOG OF APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING TOOLS AND CONTAINERS
https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/catalogs/other/jsc23454toolcatalog.pdf
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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What is HPV and how can you protect yourself from it? - Emma BryceGet informed on the causes and risks of human papillomavirus, HPV, and how to protect yourself from the infection.
--
At some point, most sexually active people will be infected with human papillomavirus, or HPV. There are over 100 types of HPV, and most of the time the body eliminates infections without symptoms— but some strains can pose serious health risks down the line. How can you protect yourself from HPV? Emma Bryce explains how the virus causes harm, who’s at risk and how to minimize those risks.
Lesson by Emma Bryce, directed by Sharon Colman.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Ricardo Rendon Cepeda, Ana Maria, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Ernest Chow, Bela Namyslik, Alan Froese, Anika Westburg, Nick Cozby, Shawar Khan, Michael Braun-Boghos, Rohan Gupta, Elizabeth Cruz, Yujing Jiang, Sarah Lundegaard, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Georg Gusewski, Rohit Lodha, Erica Zhuang, Aaron Henson, Julio Sabatés Rodríguez, Vivian & Gilbert Lee, Fahad Nasser Chowdhury, ரமணன், John simmons, June Reiling, Khalid AlAli, Mickey Mikeworth, Nathaniel Lupus, Yansong Li, Chung Wah Gnapp, Amber Alexander, Robert Patrick, Pi Guanghui, Barbara Younker, Ai Ejima, Soma Ali, Roman Pinchuk, Raheem , Hector Quintanilla, Leen Mshasha, Mariana Ortega, Danny Romard, James Bruening, Ricki Daniel Marbun, Malcolm Callis, Sabrina Gonzalez, Al the Scottish Wildcat, سلطان الخليفي and Alexander Walls.
A Surprisingly Simple Secret to Supersonic FlightMaking a faster plane takes more than building better engines and structures. To go supersonic, engineers had to solve hundreds of problems -- including ditching one of the biggest assumptions in aerodynamics!
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter3.html
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160505-the-spitfires-that-nearly-broke-the-sound-barrier
http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/PDF_Libri_By_Archive.org/AVIATION/The%20Hight%20Speed%20Frontier%20-%20Case%20Histories%20of%20Four%20NACA%20Programs%20-%20Becker%20J..pdf [PDF]
https://www.decodedscience.org/airplane-propellers-how-is-thrust-produced-in-a-non-jet-plane/5895
https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/mach-1-assaulting-the-barrier-22647052/?all
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/propanl.html
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https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15349/what-is-the-optimal-wing-sweep-angle-for-a-passenger-airliner
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https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sflight.htm
https://alum.mit.edu/slice/why-hasnt-commercial-air-travel-gotten-any-faster-1960s
https://books.google.com/books?id=asxWDgAAQBAJ
https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/bell-x-1
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/machang.html
https://www.nps.gov/wrbr/learn/historyculture/thefirstflight.htm
5 Groundbreaking Women in EngineeringThis episode was produced in collaboration with and sponsored by Emerson. Click here to learn more about their We Love STEM initiative: https://www.emerson.com/welovestem?cm_mmc=SciShow-_-Video-_-Youtube-_-WomenInSTEM2019
#WeLoveSTEM #STEM #Engineering #WomenInSTEM
After many years of quietly changing the world, women are finally receiving recognition for contributions in STEM. Let’s celebrate these 5 groundbreaking women, and their contributions to the field of engineering.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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----------
Sources:
Hedy Lamarr
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201106/physicshistory.cfm
https://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture7/hedy/lemarr.htm
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/mar/08/hedy-lamarr-1940s-bombshell-helped-invent-wifi-missile
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hedy-lamarr-not-just-a-pr/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/02/28/hedy-lamarr-the-incredible-mind-behind-secure-wi-fi-gps-bluetooth/#3f234be441b7
http://www.eecs.umich.edu/courses/eecs555/chap12.pdf
https://witestlab.poly.edu/blog/frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-how-does-bluetooth-work/
Olive Wetzel Dennis
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/olive-dennis-train-comfort-engineer
https://transportationhistory.org/2017/03/10/women-in-transportation-history-olive-dennis-us-railroad-civil-engineer/
https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-11-23-1997327162-story.html
https://www.goucher.edu/news/olive-wetzel-dennis-service-engineer
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/02/cornell-rewind-phenomenal-first-women-engineering
http://www.eduborail.org/Olive-W-Dennis.aspx
https://bit.ly/323J1SB
How a Fish Saved the VikingsThe Vikings suffered many hardships living in the north of Europe: long, cold winters and importantly a lack of sunlight. Luckily, they had cod.
Check out Vitamania: https://ve42.co/cod
When making a video about vitamins I thought the story would mainly be about supplement pills, whether we should or shouldn't take them and how they're made. But what I found out is vitamins have a remarkable story that affects many more aspects of our lives. For example the Vikings needed a source of vitamin D to last the dark winter months and for their children to develop strong, healthy bones, avoiding rickets.
Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
a human, Albert Jachowicz-Brzeziński, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Brent Stewart, Chris Vargas, Chuck Lauer Vose, Clip Tree, Coale Shifflett, Colin Bellmore, DALE HORNE, Eric Velazquez, Fedor Indutny, Fran Rodriguez, James Wong, Jasper Xin, Joar Wandborg, Johnny, Jorge Angel Sandoval, June Kang, Kevin Beavers, Kishore Tipirneni, Levan Ferr, Listen Money Matters, Manuel Zürcher, Mark Bevilacqua, Mathias Göransson, Michael Bradley Wirz, Michael Krugman, Mohammed Al Sahaf, Nicholas Hastings, OddJosh, Patrick Čalija, Peter Tajti, Philipp Volgger, Roberto Rezende, Robin DeBank, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Swante Scholz, Tiago Bruno, Tige Thorman, Warrior8252
This video was filmed by Harry Panagiotidis
Researched and written by Derek Muller and Jonny Hyman
Editing, animation and music by Jonny Hyman
Cod liver oil animation by Iván Tello
Vitamania was written, directed and produced by Sonya Pemberton
Are the Meat Sweats a Real Thing?Some people might bemoan the inevitable onset of the meat sweats after a particularly meaty meal, but this phenomenon may not be as inevitable—or real—as we're led to believe.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
The Beginning of the End of North Atlantic Right Whales? | SciShow NewsScientists say that we might be looking at the first extinction caused by whaling, and on an entirely different note, a discovery involving bed bugs and STIs.
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Adam Brainard, Greg, Alex Hackman, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
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Sources:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2017-2019-north-atlantic-right-whale-unusual-mortality-event
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/06/1-north-atlantic-right-whales-have-died-month/592840/
https://www.int-res.com/articles/feature/d135p001.pdf
https://iucn-csg.org/status-of-the-worlds-cetaceans/
Bed Bugs
https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/06/25/1904539116
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/uos-fb062719.php
21 Defunct Disney Rides and Lands | Mental Floss List Show | 535Do you know which Disney attraction taught Martin Short the birds and the bees? Can you name the rides that preceded Buzz Lightyear’s Space Ranger Spin?
In this episode of The List Show, Erin (@erincmccarthy) shares 21 defunct Disney rides and lands that will make this video the happiest place on Earth…or at least the happiest place on YouTube.
If you love unicorns and adore Cher—even in animatronic form—you'll want to watch. You’ll also learn about Holidayland, Camp Minnie-Mickey, and intriguing Disney ideas that never came to be.
In case you forgot, The List Show is a trivia-tastic, fact-filled show for curious people. Subscribe here for new Mental Floss episodes every two weeks.
Why We Should Invest In Rat MassageGo to https://NordVPN.com/minuteearth to get 75% off a 3 year plan and use code MINUTEEARTH for an extra month for free. Protect yourself online today.
Basic research can seem wasteful, but it's actually a great economic investment.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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Video Illustrators: Sarah Berman & Ever Salazar
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Julián Gómez, Arcadi Garcia Rius
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Evoniuk, G, Kuhn, and C Schanberg, SM. (1979) The effect of tactile stimulation on serum growth hormone and tissue ornithine decarboxylase activity during maternal deprivation in rat pups. Communications in Psychopharmacology 3:363–370. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/548216
Field T, Diego M, and M Hernandez-Reif (2010) Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review. Infant Behavioral Development 33: 115-124. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2844909/
Jones, CI, and JC Williams (1998) Measuring the Social Return to R&D. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(5): 1119-1135. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/113/4/1119/1916988?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Press, WH. (2013) What's So Special about Science (And How Much Should We Spend on It?), Science 342: 817-822. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6160/817.full
Salter, AJ and BR Martin. (2001) The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: a critical review. Research Policy 30:509-532. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733300000913
Schanberg SM, Evoniuk G and CM Kuhn. (1984) Tactile and nutritional aspects of maternal care. specific regulators of neuroendocrine function and cellular development. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 175, 135–146. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-175-41779?journalCode=ebma
eDNA: How Scientists See Hidden AnimalsHow do you track turtles that spend most of their time in muddy water and also look like rocks? It turns out, scientists have found a way to track such hidden animals using eDNA.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Sources:
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1365-2664.12306
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-018-3750-5
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/4/50/htm
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0056584
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04886.x
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/77082
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https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/as/02_English190111IAS_UAS_LORCA.pdf
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00442-003-1396-z
https://www.nies.go.jp/biodiversity/invasive/DB/detail/50310e.html
https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130%3C0620:AATEPO%3E2.0.CO;2
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0041781
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0215586
http://bewildvirginia.org/wildlife-action-plan/pdf/2015-Virginia-Wildlife-Action-Plan.pdf
https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/smithsonian-scientists-use-edna-for-first-time-find-wood-turtles-virginia
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-017-1545-7
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05407.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981191/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.4341
https://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-02/27-02_Ranneft.PDF
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016953471400086X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320714004637
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Hunter/publication/322512893_Surveys_of_environmental_DNA_eDNA_A_new_approach_to_estimate_occurrence_in_Vulnerable_manatee_populations/links/5aafcf480f7e9b4897c0cbbf/Surveys-of-environmental-DNA-eDNA-A-new-approach-to-estimate-occurrence-in-Vulnerable-manatee-populations.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edn3.8
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2004.00634.x
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/blog/eureka-lab/ISEF-2019-two-teens-pull-dna-birds-out-air
How to Avoid Burnout: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #17It's our final episode of Soft Skills where Evelyn talks about how to take care of yourself. If you don't take care of yourself, no one else will. So take all of these soft skills we've talked about and add this last little bit to make sure you can either avoid or bring yourself back from burnout.
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, HAIXIANG N/A LIU, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, DAVID NOE, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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What We Get Wrong About “Alcoholism”There are a lot of stereotypes and stigma surrounding alcohol that prevent both understanding and adequate care, and the spectrum of symptoms that alcohol use disorder can include is a lot more complicated than you might think.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Seeing a Black Hole with a Planet-Sized Telescope | STELLARThank you to Draper and its Hack the Moon initiative for supporting PBS Digital Studios | Learn more at https://wehackthemoon.com
It took about a century for black holes to go from impossible, to theoretical, to real. And it was just this year, in 2019, when we finally saw the first picture of a black hole! But how to you take a photo of something so massively dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull? You use a telescope the size of the Earth!
This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space. Next up is Matt's episode where he tells you how we discovered galaxies outside of our own. And if you missed it, check out:
**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c
**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg
You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.
Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/
#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space
Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Sophia Chen, Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
Directed by: Eric Brown and Andrew Kornhaber
Producer: Randa Eid
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Tobi Nova
Production Assistant: Anna Bosketti
Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown
Can Sneezing Make Your Eye Pop Out?When you were a kid, one of your friends probably told you that if you sneezed with your eyes open, your eyeballs would pop out of your head. But that can't really happen... right?
We don't show any images of actual eyes popped out of sockets in this episode. But the sources contain many if you really want to see.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fefTXHqfLU8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6qqlyIDHfM
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2124775
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29870437
http://www.weirduniverse.net/blog/comments/blew_nose_eye_fell_out
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687199/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442473/
https://www.ajo.com/article/0002-9394(54)91763-8/pdf
http://news.mit.edu/2016/sneezing-fluid-cascade-not-simple-spray-0210
https://www.nature.com/news/the-snot-spattered-experiments-that-show-how-far-sneezes-really-spread-1.19996
https://journals.lww.com/internat-ophthalmology/fulltext/2018/05820/Orbital_Anatomy.2.aspx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4152654/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687199/
http://epmonthly.com/article/how-to-reduce-a-globe-sublux-in-the-emergency-department/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636031/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4896116/
https://journals.lww.com/claojournal/Fulltext/2002/01000/Spontaneous_Globe_Luxation_Associated_with_Contact.2.aspx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10812484
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/416595
https://www.ajo.com/article/0002-9394(54)91763-8/pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c55bM9_GYo
https://www.ajo.com/article/0002-9394(54)91763-8/pdf
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bulging-eyes/
https://journals.lww.com/op-rs/fulltext/2018/07001/Anatomic_Considerations_in_Thyroid_Eye_Disease.3.aspx
https://guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/23632-farthest-eyeball-pop
------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/i-can-feel-a-sneeze-coming-on-gm658422900-120119105
https://archive.org/details/HowtheEy1941
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/big-sneeze-gm157197936-3466751
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/human-skull-gm93426452-7242900
https://archive.org/details/IMB_SF_C7
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pblowoutfracture.png
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/funny-glasses-gm176881011-17623334
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/vector-funny-opened-eyes-pattern-simple-cute-modern-background-with-eyes-gm958592776-261750230
"New Colossus" by Emma LazarusAn animated interpretation of Emma Lazarus' poem "New Colossus"
--
For an analysis of this poem, watch this video: http://bit.ly/TEDEdColossusAnalysis
This animation is part of our series, "There's a Poem for That," which features animated interpretations of poems both old and new that give language to some of life's biggest feelings. Check out the full series here: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTheresAPoemForThat
Poem by Emma Lazarus, directed by Eoin Duffy.
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How Plants Tell TimePlants don’t have brains or muscles, and yet some of them can perform such feats as eating insects or following the sun. Scientists haven’t completely figured out how this happens, but they do have some pretty strong leads.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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----------
Sources:
http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/leafmovements/oxalis/oxalis.html
http://blogs.evergreen.edu/pim-group7/understanding-nyctinastic-movement/
https://www.livescience.com/34569-why-flowers-close-at-night-nyctinasty.html
https://www.thedailygarden.us/garden-word-of-the-day/nyctinasty
https://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/phytochrome.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC366182/pdf/plntphys00247-0103.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291521-3773%2820000417%2939%3A8%3C1400%3A%3AAID-ANIE1400%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-reversible-reaction-and-examples-605617
https://www.nature.com/articles/206215b0.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3546032?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945214000818?via%3Dihub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305890471_How_do_sunflowers_follow_the_Sun_-_And_to_what_end
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579307003729#bib47
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00522.x
https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/38/5/526/1935394
https://depts.washington.edu/cims/research/Bio-Intelligent-Materials.pdf
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/plantphysiol/67/5/965.full.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579307003729#bib42
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6314/897
https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/65/20/5749/2485228
----------
Images & Video:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Desmanthus_pern_83565_b.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Desmanthus_pernambucanus_nyctinastic_(nighttime)_leaf_movement_0175.JPG
https://www.flickr.com/photos/schill/3787936438/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhi_purpu_151006-0058_tdp.JPG
The secret language of trees - Camille Defrenne and Suzanne SimardLearn how trees are able to communicate with each other through a vast root system and symbiotic fungi, called mycorrhizae.
--
Most of the forest lives in the shadow of the giants that make up the highest canopy. These are the oldest trees, with hundreds of children and grandchildren. They check in with their neighbors, share food, supplies and wisdom gained over their lives, all while rooted in place. How do they do this? Camille Defrenne and Suzanne Simard explore the vast root system and intricate communication of trees.
Lesson by Camille Defrenne and Suzanne Simard, directed by Avi Ofer.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Joe Giamartino, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Andrés Melo Gámez, Renhe Ji, Ka-Hei Law, Michal Salman, Peter Liu, Mark Morris, Catherine Sverko, Misaki Sato, Tan YH, Ph.D., Rodrigo Carballo, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Merit Gamertsfelder, Lex Azevedo, Noa Shore, Taylor Hunter, Kyle Nguyen, MJ Tan Mingjie, Cristóbal Moenne, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Kevin Wong, Dawn Jordan, Yanira Santamaria, Prasanth Mathialagan, Savannah Scheelings, Susan Herder, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann, Siamak H, Tracey Tobkin, Dwight Tevuk, Anthony Kudolo, Mrinalini , Yanuar Ashari, Ivan Todorović, Alex Schenkman, Brittiny Elman, Ryohky Araya, Paul Coupe, David Douglass, Ricardo Paredes, Bill Feaver, Eduardo Briceño and Arturo De Leon.
Do Wild Animals Intentionally Get High?As a species, humans tend to have a bit of a fondness for mind altering substances. Is this true of other animals as well?
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
Dolphins
https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/dolphins-getting-high-on-puffer-fish-zoologist-rob-pilley-says/news-story/38d19452b6118e46a176ff6256950247
https://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/2120/1/LMSpp125-127STEINER_N13A.pdf [PDF]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626696/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857368/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15871994_A_case_of_reversible_locked-in_syndrome_like_state_due_to_pufferfish_poisoning_author's_transl
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jcla.1860040615
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-whales-and-dolphin/
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/science-sushi/2013/12/30/stoned-dolphins-give-puff-puff-pass-whole-new-meaning/#.XJpoCutKjOQ
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dara_Orbach/publication/266533868_Armed_Escorts_Dusky_Dolphin_Lagenorhynchus_obscurus_Interactions_with_Octopuses_Pinnoctopus_cordiformis_in_New_Zealand/links/5433e0e50cf2dc341dadf822.pdf [PDF]
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcla.1860040615
What Makes Soft Things Soft?Skillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-16
You're minding your own business, looking at blankets, when suddenly you feel something heavenly. Now you are petting an inanimate object and thinking about naming it and bringing it home. Why do some fabrics feel so soft?!
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Adam Brainard, Greg, Alex Hackman, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
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----------
Sources:
Li, Y.; and Wong, A. Clothing Biosensory Engineering. Woodhead Publishing, 2006. https://bit.ly/2DkWaMn
Dolez, P.; Vermeersch, O.; and Izquierdo, V. Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles. Woodhead Publishing, 2017. https://bit.ly/2VnoiZL
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00405169608688866
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00405008408658459
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02875825
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/app.23898
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-9016-8_11
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02875825
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781855739253500101
------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/happy-smiling-young-golden-retriever-dog-under-light-gray-plaid-pet-warms-under-a-gm1059650734-283242303
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/kitten-lying-on-a-soft-wool-gm600166700-103215557
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/the-woman-with-soft-toy-lay-on-the-bed-view-from-above-bmhzt7mj2xj0k0stvg
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cashmere-wool-scarves-and-wraps-on-a-market-stall-gm951312934-259688839
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/close-up-of-a-mans-hand-touch-the-blue-jeans-pocket-in-shop-store-super-close-up-bgm6_2i2vzjdyn4pcj
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/view-of-female-hands-touching-her-dress-and-feels-the-material-rns3mn_2it4zigzd
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/background-of-satin-fabric-closeup-spme6ap98iqb81wpu
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/hand-knitting-wool-s85bal5firqrlrcs
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/young-african-american-man-relaxing-on-a-bean-bag-gm628250314-111478429
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/footage-of-the-alpaca-observing-the-environment-42oy0kupe
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/click-hand-outline-icon-gm990786530-268520594
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/close-view-small-rubber-bands-gm982360390-266749052
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/white-pomeranian-spitz-puppy-sitting-in-the-grass-gm977094948-265683808
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cashmere-blankets-gm515072380-88398949
The 17th Century Crisis: Crash Course European HistoryThe 17th Century in Europe was pretty rough in a lot of ways. The Thirty Years War involved a lot of countries, and a lot of battles, and it was terrible for everyone involved, as wars have aa historical tendency to be. At the same time, disease and hunger were common, thanks in part to the climate change of the Little Ice Age. Get ready for some misery.
Sources
German History in Documents and Images: Volume 1. From the Reformation to the Thirty Years War, 1500-1648 A Local Apocalypse –The Sack of Magdeburg (1631).
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/85.SackMagdeburg_en.pdf
Parker, Geoffrey. Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale, 2013.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-catalogue-grisly-deaths-soldiers-thirty-years-war-180963531/ [for image of mass graves in Thirty Years War.
Wilson, Peter H. The Thirty Years War: A Sourcebook. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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No, Phones Aren't Giving Kids Horns, SeriouslyGo to https://curiositystream.com/scishow to start streaming Dream the Future. Use the promo code scishow during the sign-up process to get your first 31 days free.
You might have seen this story circulating on social media…but we’re here to let you know that children are NOT growing horns because they use cellphones. This is a great opportunity to learn from what can happen when both peer review and science journalism go wrong!
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----------
Sources:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21625-1
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190610-how-modern-life-is-transforming-the-human-skeleton
https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/20/horns-are-growing-young-peoples-skulls-phone-use-is-blame-research-suggests/
https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/human-body/younger-generations-are-growing-horns-in-the-back-of-their-head/news-story/246c5dfb45d39c8200c9052b4a841c6e
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2019/06/20/no-your-kids-evil-cell-phone-wont-give-them-horns/#540873962bc1
https://medium.com/@johnhawks/are-millennials-really-growing-horns-from-using-their-phones-2b7bd6162938
https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/debunked-the-absurd-story-about-smartphones-causing-kids-to-sprout-horns/?amp=1
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/cell-phones-are-probably-not-making-us-grow-horns-180972474/
https://time.com/5611036/teenagers-skull-horns/
https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/21/health/young-people-horn-skulls-trnd/index.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/20/health/horns-cellphones-bones.html
https://twitter.com/whereisdaz/status/1141883412417937409
https://twitter.com/MoNscience/status/1141758379406307328
https://www.vox.com/2014/4/22/5636960/a-rough-guide-to-spotting-bad-science
http://theconversation.com/how-to-quickly-spot-dodgy-science-65160
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-fifth-vital-sign/201812/how-tell-the-difference-between-good-and-bad-science
https://www.nature.com/content/scirep-facts/index.html#rigour
https://twitter.com/monscience/status/1143561213458169858?s=21
The Portal ParadoxThanks to CuriosityStream for supporting this video. Head to http://curiositystream.com/minutephysics and use promo code minutephysics for 30 days FREE!
This video is about the Portal Paradox - a paradox in the video game Portal (and Portal 2) regarding whether or not a companion cube passing through a moving portal plops out of the other end with no speed (velocity, momentum), or shoots out at high speed. It’s a question of conservation of momentum, relativity of velocities, wormholes, 3D printers and quantum teleportation, glitches, and more.
YouTube video of testing the Portal 2 game engine on the portal Paradox https://youtu.be/S85nudR6D-Y
Tutorial for how to program the Portal portals on your own: https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/132164/games_demystified_portal.php
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Created by Henry Reich
How We Go from Animal Model to Clinical TrialTesting new treatments in other animals can help us spot complications or potential pitfalls, but the results don’t always carry over to humans, which means that safely going from animal to human trials is a lot more complicated than you might think.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
Camera Operator: Hiroka Matsushima
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Sources:
https://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/default.htm
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/reports/Annual-Report-Animal-Usage-by-FY2017.pdf
http://www.the-aps.org/mm/SciencePolicy/AnimalResearch/Publications/animals/quest5.htm
https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/41/3/133/708856
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782548/
http://ko.cwru.edu/info/breeding_strategies_manual.pdf
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00228-018-02607-8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896825
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020770/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224550/
https://www.aalas.org/iacuc/laws-policies-guidelines/international-government
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782548/
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594945?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&
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References:
The Big Picture by Sean Carroll
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5570697/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4889815/
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151435
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005285/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516796/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718341/
What makes TB the world's most infectious killer? - Melvin SanicasLearn why tuberculosis, TB, is the world’s most infectious disease and how medical advancements are improving treatment.
--
In 2008, two 9,000-year old skeletons were found with their bones infected by an all too familiar bacterium. The ancient Greeks knew its effects as phthisis; the Incans called it chaky oncay; and today we call it tuberculosis, or TB. TB is still one of the world’s most infectious killers, causing more deaths than malaria or even HIV. How has it persisted for so long? Melvin Sanicas investigates.
Lesson by Melvin Sanicas, directed by Augenblick Studios.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Christophe Dessalles, Janie Jackson, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Heather Slater, Yuh Saito, Quentin Le Menez, Mattia Veltri, Fabian Amels, Sandra Tersluisen, PnDAA, Hugo Legorreta, Zhexi Shan, Gustavo Mendoza, Bárbara Nazaré, Josh Engel, Natalia Rico, Andrea Feliz, Eysteinn Guðnason, Bernardo Paulo, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora Slydell, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Noel Situ, Elliot Poulin, emily lam, Juan, Jordan Tang, Kent Logan, Alexandra Panzer, Laura Cameron Keith, Jen, Ellen Spertus, Cailin Ramsey, Markus Goldhacker, Leora Allen, Andras Radnothy, Chris, Arpita Singh, Vijayalakshmi, Marc Bilodeau, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, paul g mohney, Maya Toll, Sebastian Regez, Bruno Hannud, Andreas Voltios, Shubham Arora, Ugur Doga Sezgin and Akinola Emmanuel.
Accomplishing the Impossible Task of Taking Animals out of MeatGet your first audiobook and 2Audible originals free when you try Audible for 30 days visit https://www.audible.com/scishow or text ‘scishow’ to 500 500!
When it comes to creating vegetarian meat substitutes, flavor is only one hurdle—smell and texture are also major factors, and scientists have been making breakthroughs on creating a convincing meatless meat experience. We also got some of our hosts together and had a blind taste test to see if they could tell the difference between various fake and real meat products!
#science #tastetest #meat #meatless
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Sources:
Chapter 6 “Umami flavour of meat” by J. A. Maga. Flavor of Meat and Meat Products F. Shahidi (ed.), Chapman & Hall 1994
Nonmeat Protein Alternatives as Meat Extenders and Meat Analogs by Md. Ali Asgar et al. published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, August 2010
https://impossiblefoods.com/burgerking/
https://www.wired.com/2002/04/a-mushrooming-quorn-controversy/
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Satish_Kumar94/publication/305317336_Meat_Analogues_Plant_based_alternatives_to_meat_products-_A_review/links/5787c35008aecf56ebcb51ff/Meat-Analogues-Plant-based-alternatives-to-meat-products-A-review.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gGrUNvZt0_YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=tofu+history&ots=IJjiMOy6F8&sig=6pA2T5oeN4NXALWxRyUJBanbK0Q#v=onepage&q=tofu%20history&f=false
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950329315000117
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950329311000176
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315123
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4827462/
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/CourseTutorials/Tutorials/Hemoglobin/heme.htm
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/dining/04curi.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471015313001451
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00346659910277650?journalCode=nfs
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/21/482322571/silicon-valley-s-bloody-plant-burger-smells-tastes-and-sizzles-like-meat
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001032
https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/looks-fishy-tastes-fishy-but-wheres-the-fish/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/01/23/379124798/will-environmentalists-fall-for-faux-fish-made-from-plants
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87559129009540887?journalCode=lfri20
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262566133_Taste_producing_components_in_fish_and_fisheries_products_A_review
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15819485
http://prdupl02.ynet.co.il/ForumFiles_2/29465332.pdf
http://library.open.oregonstate.edu/aandp/chapter/10-2-skeletal-muscle/
http://library.open.oregonstate.edu/aandp/chapter/10-8-smooth-muscle-tissue/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2016/3182746/
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00070701311331490
https://slate.com/technology/2012/07/beyond-meat-fake-chicken-that-tastes-so-real-it-will-freak-you-out.html
https://aaccipublications.aaccnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/CFW-62-4-0148
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6399/eaam5324
https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/16761/RyanRoberts2013.pdf?sequence=1
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269915X04001089
https://repositori.udl.cat/bitstream/handle/10459.1/65632/024578.pdf;jsessionid=13128F49
----------
Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haem-B-3D-vdW.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen-fixing_nodules_in_the_roots_of_legumes..JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0801_SkeletalMuscle.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal_muscle_%E6%A8%AA%E7%BA%B9%E8%82%8C1.JPG
Why should you read "Hamlet"? - Iseult GillespieExplore William Shakespeare’s classic tragedy, “Hamlet,” a play about conspiracy, deception and the tragic consequences of indecision.
--
“Who’s there?” Whispered in the dark, this question begins a tale of conspiracy, deception and moral ambiguity. And in a play where everyone has something to hide, its answer is far from simple. Written by William Shakespeare, “Hamlet” depicts its titular character haunted by the past, but immobilized by the future. Iseult Gillespie digs into the humanity and tragedy of Hamlet.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Lucy Animation Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! David Matthew Ezroj, Sweetmilkcoco, Raphaël LAURENT, Joe Meyers, Farah Abdelwahab, Brian Richards, Divina Grace Dar Santos, Jessie McGuire, Abdullah Altuwaijri, Sarah Burns, Clement, Hadi Salahshour, FAWWAZ GHUWAIDI, Dino Biancolini, Reagen O'Connor, Nicu Boanda, Cindy O., Karla Brilman, Jørgen Østerpart, Sergi Páez, rakesh Katragadda, Carolyn Corwin, Charlene You, Boris Langvand, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Carsten Tobehn, Kin Lon Ma, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Eunsun Kim, Katrina Harding, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Astia Rizki Safitri, Côme Vincent, Antony Lee, Melissa Sorrells, Rakshit Kothari, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Simon Holst Ravn, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Samantha Chow, Philippe Spoden, Phyllis Dubrow, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Cas Jamieson, Ophelia Gibson Best, Amber Wood and Paul Schneider.
James ❤️ A Card Trick - NumberphileJames Grime has a card trick (and wants your help improving it).
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Can Plants Really Count?It seems silly to ask if plants can count, but even the New York Times has called Venus flytraps 'Plants That Can Count.' Is counting a thing plants can do?
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/science/the-venus-flytrap-a-plant-that-can-count.html
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/wild-things/catch-meal-venus-flytrap-counts-five
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/the-venus-flytrap-can-count-past-2/
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)01501-8
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/eating-venus-flytraps-must-count
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-04876-001
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527185/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228256/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pce.13065
https://www.pnas.org/content/94/7/2793
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal
https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/fulltext/S1360-1385(17)30280-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263772
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plants-cannot-think-and-remember-but-theres-nothing-stupid-about-them-theyre-shockingly-sophisticated/
https://elifesciences.org/articles/00669
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-22991838
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/282/5389/662
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914563/
https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30741-4
The Romans flooded the Colosseum for sea battles - Janelle PetersDig in to the history of the Roman Empire’s staged gladiatorial naval battles and how they flooded the Colosseum to reenact famous battles.
--
Starting in 80 CE, residents of Rome and visitors from across the Roman Empire would fill the stands of the Colosseum to see gladiators duel, animals fight and chariots race around the arena. And for the grand finale, water poured into the arena basin, submerging the stage for the greatest spectacle of all: staged naval battles. Janelle Peters details the history of these mock maritime encounters.
Lesson by Janelle Peters, directed by Brett Underhill.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Maria Lerchbaumer, Ever Granada, Marin Kovachev, Ravi S. Rāmphal, Penelope Misquitta, Tekin Gültekin, Jhuval, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Vaibhav Mirjolkar, Thomas Bahrman, Allan Hayes, Aidan Forero, Uday Kishore, Mikhail Shkirev, Devesh Kumar, Sunny Patel, Anuj Tomar, Lowell Fleming, David Petrovič, Hoai Nam Tran, Stina Boberg, Alexandrina Danifeld, Kack-Kyun Kim, Travis Wehrman, haventfiguredout, Caitlin de Falco, Ken, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Elena Crescia, Thomas Mungavan, Alejandro Cachoua, Jaron Blackburn, Yoga Trapeze Wanderlust, Sandy Nasser, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, Nicolle Fieldsend-Roxborough, John Saveland, Jason Garcia, Robson Martinho, Martin Lau, Senjo Limbu, Joe Huang, SungGyeong Bae, Christian Kurch and Begum Tutuncu.
5 of the Strangest Prehistoric CrocsSkillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: https://skl.sh/scishow-16
Over the years, scientists have found evidence for a lot of weird prehistoric animals, but some of the strangest have been the crocodyliformes!
Hosted by: Hank Green
Thumbnail Credit: Dmitry Bogdanov
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Sources:
Intro
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.140385
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-11/ngs-brd111809.php
Buckley et al 2000 A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar (https://www.nature.com/articles/35016061)
https://www.nature.com/news/2010/100804/full/news.2010.389.html
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/C21/C21_Convergent.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/similarity_ms_08
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/converge.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_09
Kaprosuchus
Serano and Larsson 2009 (https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/2104/)
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-11/ngs-brd111809.php (was also used in intro)
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/nov/19/galloping-dinosaur-eating-crocodiles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536890/
Armadillosuchus
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-11/ngs-brd111809.php (was also used in intro)
https://on.natgeo.com/2N53dQJ
https://www.igeo.ufrj.br/ismar/3/3_31.pdf
https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/armadillo
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0097138#abstract0
Pelagosaurus
Gignac et al (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_15)
http://bit.ly/2RtW8I5
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pala.12432
http://bit.ly/2xbM78U
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pala.12432
http://bit.ly/2WYKRka
Should You Worry About Caffeine Dehydrating You?SciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
There’s a widespread belief that caffeinated drinks will make you dehydrated because the caffeine itself makes you pee. But is caffeine affecting you as much as you think?
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084154
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/33/2/167
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ad0d/f71c608fc71225746d550b42e010fbfe4fcc.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eed2/f05d587dee338a73bf068eeb328ab2553b06.pdf
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084154
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2007-972593
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891584918300285
https://cspinet.org/eating-healthy/ingredients-of-concern/caffeine-chart
Witchcraft: Crash Course European History #10During our last several episodes, Europe and the European-controlled world have been in crisis. Wars, disease, climate changes, and shifts in religious and political power threw the European world into turmoil. People were looking for a scapegoat, and for many it was a time of magical thinking. So, maybe witches were responsible for all the problems? It was a popular idea, but, alas, the witches weren't responsible.
Sources:
Godbeer, Richard, ed. The Salem Witch Hunt: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2018.
Kupperman, Karen. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. Plus additional personal communications.
Parker, Geoffrey. Global Crisis: War, Climate Change, and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
Roper, Lyndall. Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge, 1994.
Roper, Lyndal. The Witch in the Western Imagination, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Hyenas Once Lived in the Frigid ArcticSciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
Prehistoric teeth prove that hyenas once roamed the Arctic and the relationship between ancient crocodiles and climate is more complicated than we thought.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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----------
Sources:
Arctic Hyenas
http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/oq.64
https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2019-06/uab-ftr061119.php
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305003623
https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/24838239
https://www.nps.gov/articles/beringiamegafauna.htm
https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/34773/elife-34773-v1.pdf
Croc Climate Clocks
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1617723
https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2019-06/tfg-ccc061419.php
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018297001089
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9438
http://www.palaeogeography.net/uploads/1/0/0/8/100869804/markwick_2007.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285634246_The_Eocene-Oligocene_Transition
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018211001805
------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/spotted-hyenas-in-the-wilderness-of-africa-gm1064310770-284577685
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/brown-hyena-gm512962341-47079548
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/striped-hyena-on-a-morning-walk-gm857719388-141483243
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/aardwolf-gm538361188-95721391
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/spotted-hyena-gm923784292-253562175
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/north-pole-3d-render-planet-earth-gm691853736-127612845
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/res/203324.php?from=432456
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/res/203325.php?from=432456
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/argentina-patagonia-glacier-perito-moreno-national-park-gm155144198-18407694
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/res/203323.php?from=432456
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/short-faced-bear-gm1133043533-300609780
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/small-crocodile-close-up-gm1002498262-270908440
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/adult-alligator-sunning-on-a-log-gm1014432226-273082571
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperosuchus_flipped.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oligocene.jpg
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/crocodile-alligator-on-an-ox-sksmm2j
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/alligators-slumbering-in-the-shade-on-a-sandy-river-bank-camera-movement-filmed-from-a-boat-and-pull-focus-moving-between-foreground-and-background-animals-includes-original-audio-fh-6bgu
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/a-captive-long-nosed-gavialidae-crocodile-basking-motionless-by-the-banks-of-a-still-pond-in-the-heat-of-the-indian-sun-d8q6me5
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/group-of-friends-looking-at-a-tablet-pc-watching-sports-game-cheering-together-bfaz8h-bipk0tq03
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/a-beautiful-day-in-the-woods-between-cold-and-snow-gm1033090626-276678137
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/spotted-hyena-isolated-gm451043463-25076582
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/spotted-hyena-isolated-gm451043467-25076588
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/spotted-hyena-on-white-gm509493994-85813285
I Made Myself Fireproof AND Waterproof With AerogelAerogel has extraordinary properties but it can be tough to work with. This video looks at modifying aerogels to take advantage of their unique characteristics.
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Huge thanks to Dr. Stephen Steiner and the crew at Aerogel Technologies. To find out more or buy your own aerogel sample, check out: http://www.aerogeltechnologies.com/
Thanks to Dr. Steven Jones and Dr. Mihail Petkov at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
And thanks to FLIR for loaning us the awesome high definition thermal camera. The footage is amazing! https://www.flir.com
Aerogel’s extraordinary properties are due in large part to its structure. Aerogel is a solid but on the nanoscale it has a mesh or sponge-like structure. The struts of this structure are nanoscale, as are the pores at around 20nm across. This makes silica aerogel incredibly light (it was once the lightest solid but has now been superseded by graphene aerogel), transparent and adsorbent.
An ice-cube sized piece of aerogel has an internal surface area roughly equal to half a football field. Aerogel is used in high end museum cases to regulate humidity. Plus it helps maintain the vacuum on the Mars Insight seismometers - it adsorbs moisture and other outgassed volatiles that come from the spacecraft itself. Proposed uses include as a physical insecticide by ‘drying out insects’ reducing the need for chemical and toxic pesticides.
Special thanks to all my Patreon supporters especially those who contributed feedback to an earlier draft of this video:
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Filmed by Paul Gramaglia
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This is an educational, scientific video.
Could You Be a Chimera?Follow me to MONSTRUM! https://youtu.be/x-GjSU4nOxE
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Ever feel like you aren't totally yourself? Well, maybe you aren't. In this video, we explore the idea of human chimeras. In mythology, the "Chimaera" was a beast made from different animals combined into one. But in biology, a chimera is a single organism whose body is made from parts of two or more genetically distinct individuals of the same species. Biological chimeras were once thought to be rare, but modern genetics has shown us that these genetic mashups are so common, that you yourself may actually be a chimera. And even if you don't have part of another body in you, your body is certainly not just one thing. We also discuss the idea of mosaicism and how it relates to cancer, Tasmanian devils, and circus sideshow attractions. #genetics #chimera
Special thanks to Dr. Emily Zarka, our favorite monsterologist!
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What Happens to Lasers Underwater? - Smarter Every Day 219Original Video on 2nd Channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh1E3TbBF1Y
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Snell's Window
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_window
Total Internal Reflection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection
An excellent video by the Engineer Guy about how fiber optic cables work:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MwMkBET_5I
Index of Refraction:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index
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On the Origin of ButtsGo to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
We’ve already been told that everybody poops - but did you ever stop to consider why? It’s thanks to our heroic through-gut that humans don’t suffer the same fate as jellyfish and anemones, and every hero has an origin story…
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Sources:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004452311500011X
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150313-the-origin-of-the-anus
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30931-9
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ivb.12236
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2195656-animal-with-an-anus-that-comes-and-goes-could-reveal-how-ours-evolved/
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(09)00755-6
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/30/huge-mouth-and-no-anus-earliest-known-ancestor-saccorhytus-coronarious-evolution
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Porifera/
https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/jellyfish-and-comb-jellies
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/why-watching-comb-jellies-poop-has-stunned-evolutionary-biologists
http://library.open.oregonstate.edu/aandp/chapter/23-1-overview-of-the-digestive-system/
There may be extraterrestrial life in our solar system - Augusto CarballidoIs there extraterrestrial life in our solar system? Or are we alone? Take a journey to the ocean worlds on Jupiter and Saturn to investigate the possibility.
--
Deep in our solar system, a new era of exploration is unfolding. Beneath the thick ice of Europa; in the vapor plumes on Enceladus; and within the methane lakes of Titan, scientists are hunting for extraterrestrial life. These moons are ‘ocean worlds’— they contain liquid oceans, which can support the formation of life. Does life exist on ocean worlds? Augusto Carballido explores the possibility.
Lesson by Augusto Carballido, directed by Artrake Studio.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dee Wei, Richard A Berkley, Tim Armstrong, Daniel Nester, Hashem Al, denison martins fernandes, Doug Henry, Arlene Spiegelman, Michał Friedrich, Joshua Wasniewski, Maryam Dadkhah, Kristiyan Bonev, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Emilia Alvarado, Jaime Arriola, Mirzat Tulafu, Lewis Westbury, Felipe Hoff, Rebecca Reineke, Cyrus Garay, Victoria Veretilo, Michael Aquilina, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Valeria Sloan Vasquez, Mike Azarkman, Yvette Mocete, Pavel Maksimov, Victoria Soler-Roig, Betsy Feathers, Samuel Barbas, Therapist Gus, Sai Krishna Koyoda, Elizabeth Parker, William Bravante, Irindany Sandoval, Mark wisdom, Brighteagle , Beatriz Inácio, Mighterbump, Pamela Harrison, Maija Chapman, Liana Switzer, Curtis Light, The Brock, Dianne Palomar and Edgar Campos Barrachina.
How to Turn Cancer Against ItselfThis video was made in partnership with the Swiss National Science Foundation. To see more videos about the importance of basic research, go to https://www.youtube.com/SNSFinfo
↓↓↓ Or watch the THREE OTHER VIDEOS we made with SNSF↓↓↓
What’s intelligent about artificial intelligence? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xR6j9TLZdAw
Why kids skip school (& what to do about it) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-MwcsyMk2k
Why you should abandon some of your dreams - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Qy8pBaugRY
Cancer has proven hard to beat, but a promising new type of treatment can use the disease's own powers against it.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Monoclonal antibodies: antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell
Hybridoma: a hybrid cell used as the basis for the production of antibodies in large amounts for diagnostic or therapeutic use
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References:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. B Cells and Antibodies. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26884/
Ecker DM, Jones SD, Levine HL (2015). The therapeutic monoclonal antibody market. MAbs 7(1): 9-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4622599/
Kohler, G. and Milstein, C. (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256: 495-497. https://www.nature.com/articles/256495a0
Our Ignorance About GravityThanks to the Heising Simons Foundation for their support of this video (and of short range gravity research).
This video is about how little we know about the behavior of gravity at short length and distance scales, what the constraints are on the inverse square law/Newton's law of universal gravitation, at the human and microscopic and atomic scales. Only on solar system scales or larger do we have good constraints on Newton's law of gravitation.
REFERENCES
Review of short-range gravity experiments in the LHC era
https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.3588v2
Zeptonewton force sensing with nanospheres in an optical lattice
https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02122
Large extra dimensions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_extra_dimension
Search for Screened Interactions Associated with Dark Energy Below the 100 μm Length Scale
https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04908
Tests of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law below the Dark-Energy Length Scale
https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0611184v1
Photon Mass Experiment
http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.13149
Torsion balance experiments: A low-energy frontier of particle physics
E.G. Adelberger, J.H. Gundlach, B.R. Heckel, S. Hoedl, S. Schlamminger
doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2008.08.002
TESTS OF THE GRAVITATIONAL INVERSE-SQUARE LAW
E.G. Adelberger, B.R. Heckel, and A.E. Nelson
Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2003. 53:77–121 doi: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110503
Physical Review A, Vol 33, No 1: Improved result for the accuracy of Coulomb's law: A review of the Williams, Faller, and Hill experiment.
Lewis P. Fulcher.
Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Created by Henry Reich
You Don’t Need to Worry About Yellowstone (or Any Other Supervolcano)SciShow is supported by Brilliant.org. Go to https://Brilliant.org/SciShow to get 20% off of an annual Premium subscription.
You’ve probably heard that the supervolcano under Yellowstone National Park is a ticking time bomb ready to go off at any time. But as it turns out, volcanologists aren't too worried about it.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
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Sources:
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/vei.html
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/helenfact.html
https://www.wired.com/2013/07/revamping-the-volcanic-explosivity-index-or-tiny-eruptions-need-love-too/
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/yellowstone_sub_page_49.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/caldera/
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/toba-rising-super-volcano
https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/volcano.htm
https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/hydrothermal-features.htm
https://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X17306519
https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1090594/Yellowstone-volcano-eruption-overdue-when-erupt-super-eruption-usgs-yellowstone-news
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ring-fire/
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/hot-spot-volcanoes-hawaii-and-yellowstone-lesson-9
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/yellowstone_monitoring_129.html
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1071/of2007-1071.pdf
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/hazard_hydrothermal_explosion.html
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24809-buoyant-magma-behind-calamitous-supervolcano-eruptions/
https://www.yellowstonepark.com/park/will-yellowstone-volcano-erupt
https://earthsky.org/earth/supervolcano-phlegraean-fieldsr-eruption-cycle
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinandrews/2019/01/11/this-really-bizarre-claim-about-yellowstone-volcano-will-make-your-head-spin/#5692fef9111c
https://www.iflscience.com/environment/this-is-what-would-happen-to-the-world-if-the-yellowstone-supervolcano-erupted-today/all/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/04/24/the-epic-volcano-eruption-that-led-to-the-year-without-a-summer/
https://www.livescience.com/20714-yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption.html
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-humans-weathered-toba-supervolcano-just-fine-180968479/
These Animals Don’t Need Oxygen?!Go to http://Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. The first 200 subscribers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.
It seems obvious that animals need oxygen to live, but deep in the Mediterranean Sea there is a very small animal that might be doing just fine without any oxygen at all.
Hosted by: Olivia Gordon
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org
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Adam Brainard, Greg, Alex Hackman, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
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Sources:
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-8-30
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170125-there-is-one-animal-that-seems-to-survive-without-oxygen
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/variations-on-cellular-respiration/a/fermentation-and-anaerobic-respiration
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-016-0263-4
------
Images:
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/animal-cell-cut-away-gm509687577-46348134
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/mediterranean-basin-political-map-gm633687196-112321293
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliciloricus_enigmatus.jpg
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-8-30
https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso0939b/
No Flag Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland's officially unofficial flag.
Wallpapers for Patreon supporters: https://www.patreon.com/posts/northern-ireland-27723595
Necklace Splitting (a lesson for jewel thieves) - NumberphileFeaturing Professor Noga Alon.
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Extra footage: https://youtu.be/E-8YvnaumKU
Recorded with Noga Alon at Princeton University.
Read his necklace paper: https://m.tau.ac.il/~nogaa/PDFS/Publications2/Splitting%20necklaces.pdf
Diamond on Periodic Videos: https://youtu.be/EmXe5EDQvsg
Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile
We are also supported by Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/outreach/science-sandbox/
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How do crystals work? - Graham BairdWhat makes crystals grow into their signature shapes? Dig into the atomic patterns and unique properties of crystals.
--
Many crystals have signature shapes— like the cascade of pointed quartz or a pile of galena cubes. Every crystal’s atoms have a defining feature: their organized, repeating pattern. The pattern isn't restricted to minerals- sand, ice, metals and DNA also have crystalline structures. So what causes them to grow into these shapes again and again? Graham Baird dives into the unique properties of crystals.
Lesson by Graham Baird, directed by Franz Palomares.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mehmet Yusuf Ertekin, Arlene Weston, phkphk123321, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Austin Randall, Abhishek Bansal, Jayant Sahewal, Dian Atamyanov, igor romanenko, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Brandy Sarver, Guy Hardy, Tu-Anh Nguyen, Karl Laius, Madee Lo, JY Kang, Marc Bou Zeid, Abhishek Goel, Charles A Hershberger, Coenraad Keuning, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Todd Gross, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Zhong Ming Zenny Tan, Karisa Caudill, Bruno Pinho, Derek Drescher, Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Amin Shahril, Mohamed Elsayed, Barthélémy Michalon, Chumi Ogbonna, Karlee Finch, Mohammad Said, jj5252, Kelvin Lam, Mauricio Basso, Athena Grace Franco, Tirath Singh Pandher, Melvin Williams, Tsz Hin Edmund Chan, Nicolas Silva, Raymond Lee, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts and Abdallah Absi.
