Learn Everyday

The Graceful Tree Problem - Numberphile This video features Gordon Hamilton.
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓

Gord's mathpickle website: http://mathpickle.com

The Dollar Game: https://youtu.be/U33dsEcKgeQ

More videos with Gordon: http://bit.ly/Gord_Playlist

Discuss this video on Brady's subreddit: https://redd.it/ai9t11

Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile

We are also supported by Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/outreach/science-sandbox/

And support from Math For America - https://www.mathforamerica.org/

NUMBERPHILE
Website: http://www.numberphile.com/
Numberphile on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/numberphile
Numberphile tweets: https://twitter.com/numberphile
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Numberphile_Sub

Videos by Brady Haran
Animation by Pete McPartlan

Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/numberphile

Numberphile T-Shirts: https://teespring.com/stores/numberphile

Brady's videos subreddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/BradyHaran/

Brady's latest videos across all channels: http://www.bradyharanblog.com/

Sign up for (occasional) emails: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9
6 Extraordinary Ancient Excrements We tend to think of fossils as dinosaur bones or petrified wood, but what if we told you that there's a lot we can learn from fossilized waste?

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

Bird vomit:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216301373
https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/discoveries/worlds-oldest-bird-vomit-heaved-out-in-china/ News article about Wang et al 2016 (full disclosure, I wrote this article)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2017.1278702
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32202-x

Poop:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00877.x
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10420940600843641
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/let.12258
http://ichnology.ku.edu/invertebrate_traces/tfimages/coprinisphaera.html
https://theconversation.com/five-things-dung-beetles-do-with-a-piece-of-poo-47367
https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/575/57525802011.pdf

Farts:
https://books.google.com/books?id=SwzMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24

Worm sperm:
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0431
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/15/fossilised-sperm-found-in-antarctica-is-worlds-oldest-say-scientists

Ambergris:
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/41/10/1075/131034
https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo13105586.html
http://www.lajamjournal.org/index.php/lajam/article/view/231/183
https://www.britannica.com/science/ambergris

Dinosaur pee:
http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/7_2/fernandes.pdf
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/02/12/the-surprising-science-of-dinosaur-pee/
https://svpow.com/2016/01/28/yes-folks-birds-and-crocs-can-pee/
https://twitter.com/DinoBryno/status/1063451187914006528

Image Contacts:
As Alyssa requested, some contact info for scientists you might be able to reach out to for images (many are simply the authors of the relevant studies).

Bird vomit:
I’ve corresponded in the past with the first and third authors of that study, so I know they should both be good contacts:
Min Wang: http://sourcedb.ivpp.cas.cn/yw/rckyw/201803/t20180302_4969186.html
(Dr. Wang provided the images used in the popular article on Earth Touch News)
Corwin Sullivan: https://www.ualberta.ca/science/about-us/contact-us/faculty-directory/corwin-sullivan

Fossil brooding balls:
http://www.dmns.org/science/museum-scientists/frank-krell/ Dr. Krell studies scarab beetles, and is an author of the publication with all these lovely photos: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Recent-dung-beetle-brood-balls-excavated-and-preyed-on-by-bat-eared-foxes-Otocyon_fig13_227033319
https://www.colorado.edu/geologicalsciences/karen-chin Karen Chin is the “Coprolite Queen” – I bet she could provide photos or point you in the right direction
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/let.12258 All of these authors also have email addresses listed. They are all in Argentina.

Amber farts:
George Poinar Jr. is the author of the book chapter I referenced above.
https://ib.oregonstate.edu/faculty/poinarg/George-O-Poinar

Worm sperm:
First and senior authors of the study:
Benjamin Bomfleur https://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/en/palaeobotanik/staff/bomfleur.html
Stephen McLoughlin
http://www.nrm.se/en/forskningochsamlingar/paleobiologi/medarbetareochkontakt/stephenmcloughlin.333.html

Fossil ambergris:
First author of the study: Angela Baldanza abaldanz@unipg.it
https://www.unipg.it/personale/angela.baldanza
Other author emails are all listed. All are in Italy roberto.bizzarri@libero.it; federico.famiani@unicam.it; pmonaco@unipg.it; pellerob@unipg.it; sassipa@unipg.it.
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/41/10/1075/131034

Urolites:
The two famous urolite publications (the ones mentioned in the Nat Geo article) were first-authored by these two:
Katherine Mccarville:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katherine_Mccarville
https://uiu.edu/academics/faculty/school-of-science-mathematics.html
Marcelo Adorna Fernandes
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcelo_Fernandes23
http://www.ppgern.ufscar.br/docentes/dr.-marcelo-adorna-fernandes
How an Army of Crayfish Clones Took Over Europe It sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie: a new crayfish population made entirely of asexually reproducing, all-female clones. But is it a new species?

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/02/aquarium-accident-may-have-given-crayfish-dna-take-over-world
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0467-9
https://www.nature.com/articles/421806a
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/08/23/025254
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29245391
http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/188461
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269112174_First_evidence_of_crayfish_plague_agent_in_populations_of_the_marbled_crayfish_Procambarus_fallax_forma_virginalis
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/08/crayfish-create-new-species-female-superclones
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/science/mutant-crayfish-clones-europe.html

Image Sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Procambarus_fallax_forma_virginalis.jpg
The First Extinction of 2019 Has Already Happened | SciShow News On New Year's day, we said goodbye to George the Snail, marking the first extinction of 2019, and the way things are looking, it won't be the last.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

George the snail:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/08/george-the-snail-tree-snail-hawaiian-islands-biodiversity
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/science/snail-dead-george-species.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315678140_Measuring_the_Sixth_Extinction_what_do_mollusks_tell_us
http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr19-001/

Antarctic animals:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00507/full
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thinning-arctic-ice-allows-plankton-bloom/
Bertolt Brecht and Epic Theatre: Crash Course Theater #44 Are you ready to learn something about the world? Then you're ready for Bertolt Brecht, and his ideas about Epic Theatre. Brecht wanted to lean into the idea of theater as a tool to upset and educate the world about stuff like the struggles of the working class and the problematic aspects of capitalism. He wanted to SHOCK people into seeing the world as it is and taking action, rather than merely entertain audiences. But, he messed up, and wrote some pretty entertaining stories, with some really catchy music integrated into it. And do, people ended up whistling Mack the Knife instead of throwing off the shackles of an oppressive social order. To be fair, it is a catchy tune. Today you're going to learn about Brecht, Epic Theater, and a little bit about the House UnAmerican Activities Committee. Because those jerks hauled Brecht up in 1948 to shake him down about whether or not he was a communist.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Why It's So Hard To Make Better Batteries: Crash Course Engineering #32 There are batteries powering so many parts of our everyday lives, so today we’re going to talk about how they work and how we can make them better. We’ll explain how they provide power by discharging ions between a cathode and an anode, and how reversing that process gives us a way of charging them. We’ll also look at how that batteries deliver voltage differently over time, leading to discharge curves, and some of the work being done to improve the properties of batteries for portable electronics.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV

***

RESOURCES:
https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/how-does-a-battery-work/
http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/2-how-do-batteries-work.html
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/batteries.html
https://web.mst.edu/~gbert/BATTERY/battery.html
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-batteries-store-an/
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/swallowable-sensors-sustain-power-stomach-acid
https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/archive/understanding_lithium_ion

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
How We Make the Coldest Things in the Universe If you want to make atoms THIS cold, you can’t just stick them in the freezer…you’ll need to take advantage of quantum mechanics!

Hosted by: Michael Aranda

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/press-release/
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/9945-the-doppler-limit/
https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.1688
https://www.osapublishing.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-6-11-2023
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/press-release/

Image sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redshift_blueshift.svg
A day in the life of a Mongolian queen - Anne F. Broadbridge Sign up for our newsletter and never miss an animation: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-mongolian-queen-anne-f-broadbridge

As dawn breaks over a moveable city of ten thousand yurts, Queen Boraqchin readies her kingdom for departure to their summer camping grounds. While her husband, the grandson of Genghis Khan, is out raiding, she juggles the duties of managing flocks, family and a city of thousands. Anne F. Broadbridge outlines a day in the life of a Mongolian queen.

Lesson by Anne F. Broadbridge, directed by Els Decaluwe.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Senjo Limbu, Martin Lau, Robson Martinho, Jason Garcia, Cailin Ramsey, Aaron Henson, John Saveland, Nicolle Fieldsend-Roxborough, ReuniteKorea , Venkat Venkatakrishnan, Sandy Nasser, QIUJING L BU, Yoga Trapeze Wanderlust, Jaron Blackburn, Alejandro Cachoua, Thomas Mungavan, Elena Crescia, Edla Paniguel, Sarah Lundegaard, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Tim Armstrong, Erika Blanquez, Ricki Daniel Marbun, zjweele13, Judith Benavides, Ken, Caitlin de Falco, James Bruening, Michael Braun-Boghos, Ricardo Diaz, Kack-Kyun Kim, Alexandrina Danifeld, Danny Romard, Yujing Jiang, Stina Boberg, Mariana Ortega, Anthony Wiggins, Hoai Nam Tran, David Petrovič, Lowell Fleming, Anuj Tomar, Sunny Patel, Vijayalakshmi, Devesh Kumar, Uday Kishore, Aidan Forero, Leen Mshasha, Allan Hayes and Thomas Bahrman.
Divisibility Tricks - Numberphile Featuring Tony Padilla... Check out Brilliant (and get 20% off their premium service): https://brilliant.org/numberphile (sponsor)
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓

Extra footage and trick from this interview: https://youtu.be/ZWeUNUCf2rI

Card trick and shuffling videos on Numberphile: http://bit.ly/Cards_Shuffling

Belphegor's Prime: https://youtu.be/zk_Q9y_LNzg

Numberphile playing cards (limited and occasional supply): http://bit.ly/NumberphileCards
I Love Norrie stickers (created just to annoy Tony): https://teespring.com//i-love-norrie-numberphile

Tony is a professor at the University of Nottingham.

Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile

We are also supported by Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/outreach/science-sandbox/

And support from Math For America - https://www.mathforamerica.org/

NUMBERPHILE
Website: http://www.numberphile.com/
Numberphile on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/numberphile
Numberphile tweets: https://twitter.com/numberphile
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Numberphile_Sub

Videos by Brady Haran

Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/numberphile

Numberphile T-Shirts: https://teespring.com/stores/numberphile

Brady's videos subreddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/BradyHaran/

Brady's latest videos across all channels: http://www.bradyharanblog.com/

Sign up for (occasional) emails: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9
Dear Jake Paul A message to Jake Paul and Ricegum about the mystery box video, Mystery Brand scam, gambling addiction and kids.
Listen to our podcast: http://sidenotepodcast.com

Ask us your burning questions in the comments!

Created by: Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown
Written by: Rachel Salt, Sel Gebrehiwot, Max Simmons, Matt Carter, Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown
Illustrated by: Max Simmons
Edited by: Sel Ghebrehiwot

FOLLOW US!
Instagram and Twitter: @whalewatchmeplz and @mitchellmoffit
Clickable: http://bit.ly/16F1jeC and http://bit.ly/15J7ube

AsapINSTAGRAM: https://instagram.com/asapscience/
Facebook: http://facebook.com/AsapSCIENCE
Twitter: http://twitter.com/AsapSCIENCE
Tumblr: http://asapscience.tumblr.com

Created by Mitchell Moffit (twitter @mitchellmoffit) and Gregory Brown (twitter @whalewatchmeplz).

Send us stuff!

ASAPSCIENCE INC.
P.O. Box 93, Toronto P
Toronto, ON, M5S2S6

REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

https://www.ncrg.org/press-room/news-alert/archives/apa-classify-pathological-gambling-%E2%80%9Caddiction-and-related-disorders%E2%80%9D

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-brain-gets-addicted-to-gambling/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF5SzIN63w8

https://www.brainfacts.org/Diseases-and-Disorders/Addiction/2015/Gambling-Addiction-and-the-Brain

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01051-z

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF5SzIN63w8

https://www.ncrg.org/press-room/news-alert/archives/apa-classify-pathological-gambling-%E2%80%9Caddiction-and-related-disorders%E2%80%9D

https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/1/4/18167341/youtube-jake-paul-ricegum-mystery-brand

White Matter degredation:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079653

Brain changes:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170103101751.htm

Similar Videos:

How Social Media Changes Your Brain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HffWFd_6bJ0

Your Brain On Coffee
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YOwEqGykDM&t=71s
Neurology, Pharmacology, & Poultry | SciShow Talk Show Dr. Genevieve Lind explains how she uses frog eggs to learn how drugs affect receptors in the brain and Jessi's chicken Goldie shows us one use for the cloaca.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Junglefowl_on_tree.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallus_gallus_female_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg
Why Is the Freezer Harder to Open the Second Time? There’s a moment after you close your freezer door that it becomes slightly harder to open again. It might pass quickly, but it’s not just in your head.

Hosted by: Olivia Gordon

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws.php#amonton
http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn/article/2016/1806/cpb_25_1_17801.html
http://www.irm.umn.edu/hg2m/hg2m_b/hg2m_b.html
https://learnbps.bismarckschools.org/mod/book/view.php?id=89463&chapterid=38130
https://infohost.nmt.edu/~jaltig/HistoricalGasLaws.pdf
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/physics/thermodynamics/development-of-the-ideal-gas-law
The Facts about Fact Checking: Crash Course Navigating Digital Information #2 We're off to fact checking school. This time, John Green is teaching
you how to fact check like the pros. We're going to walk through the steps that professionals follow, including figuring out who is behind the information we read, why they're sharing that information, and what kind of evidence exists to back up the claim. We'll also talk about the difference between skepticism and cynicism, and

Special thanks to our partners from MediaWise who helped create this series:
The Poynter Institute
The Stanford History Education Group (sheg.stanford.edu)

Follow MediaWise and their fact-checking work across social:
https://www.instagram.com/mediawise/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2DPyDJLFycNPgPcH0jaeHw
https://twitter.com/mediawise
https://www.facebook.com/MediaWise/

MediaWise is supported by Google.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
The myth of Pandora’s box - Iseult Gillespie Find out how students can share their ideas as TED Talks here: http://bit.ly/2zpAQUc

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-pandora-s-box-iseult-gillespie

Pandora was the first mortal woman, breathed into being by Hephaestus, god of fire. The gods gave her gifts of language, craftsmanship and emotion. From Zeus she received two gifts: the trait of curiosity and a heavy box screwed tightly shut -- never to be opened. But what treasure could never be seen by human eyes, and why was it in her care? Iseult Gillespie explores the mystery of Pandora’s box.

Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Silvia Prietov.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Antony Lee, Husain Mohammad, Max Shuai Tang, Côme Vincent, Astia Rizki Safitri, Alan Froese, alessandra tasso, Gerald Onyango, Katrina Harding, Ezgi Yersu, Al the Scottish Wildcat, Katie Dean, Kin Lon Ma, Carsten Tobehn, Boris Langvand, Jeremy Fryd, Charlene You, Carolyn Corwin, rakesh Katragadda, Sergi Páez, Jørgen Østerpart, Karla Brilman, Cindy O., Nicu Boanda, Reagen O'Connor, Sabrina Gonzalez, Dino Biancolini, FAWWAZ GHUWAIDI, Hadi Salahshour, Clement, Sarah Burns, Abdullah Altuwaijri, Jessie McGuire, Divina Grace Dar Santos, Brian Richards, Farah Abdelwahab, Joe Meyers, Mikhail Shkirev, Raphaël LAURENT, Malcolm Callis, Sweetmilkcoco, David Matthew Ezroj, Ever Granada, fatima kried, Begum Tutuncu, Mehmet Sencer KARADAYI, Christian Kurch, SungGyeong Bae, Luis Felipe Ruiz Langenscheidt and Joe Huang.
How Chaos Makes Your Fingerprints Unique Try Dashlane Premium free for 30 days: https://www.dashlane.com/MinuteEarth. Use the coupon code ‘MinuteEarth’ to get 10% off Dashlane Premium.

Because of the chaotic way fingerprints develop and the multiplying effect of compound probability, it's basically impossible for any two fingers to have matching prints.

Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.

___________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Fingerprint: The markings on the skin on the last joint of the thumb or finger.
Fingerprint Ridges: The raised lines on the fingerprint.
Fingerprint Pattern: The main design in the middle of the fingerprint; usually a loop, whorl, or arch.
Volar Pad: The mass of stem cells that grows under the fingers during a particular time during fetal development that is responsible for determining the pattern of the fingerprint.
Fingerprint Minutiae: The various tiny points in each fingertip where the ridgelines get blocked or split.
Compound Probability: The likelihood that independent events will occur simultaneously.
___________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/

Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer, Video Director, and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia & Ever Salazar
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

___________________________________________

References:

Kucken, M. and Newell, A. (2005). Fingerprint Formation. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 235 (71-83). Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833314.

Kucken, M. (2007). Models for Fingerprint Pattern Formation. Forensic Science International. 171 (85-96). Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17459625.

Kucken, Michael (2018). Personal Communication. Center of Information Services and High Performance Computing. TU Dresden.

Wertheim, K. (2011). Fingerprint Sourcebook: Embryology and Morphology of the Friction Skin Ridge. Retrieved from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=247303
The Atomic Bomb: Crash Course History of Science #33 The story picks up where we left off last time, with Einstein writing the president of his new homeland, the United States, urging him to build a nuclear weapon before Hitler. This is the tale of the most destructive force humans have ever unleashed. The Atomic Bomb.

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Are Artificial Sweeteners Bad For You? While scientists have debunked the notion that putting artificial sweeteners in your coffee will give you cancer, that doesn’t necessarily mean you should go hog wild with them.

Hosted by: Stefan Chin

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/the-sweet-danger-of-sugar
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/artificial-sweeteners-good-or-bad
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/100/3/765/4576435
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18298259
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13793
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/106/2/614/4557620
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3095502/
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514001329
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0199558
https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576.abstract
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760482
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5442712
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965331
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6642755
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2010924/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27159792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24096084
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28594855
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045440/
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/2/367/htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25231862
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214853
https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/article/24/5/1005/4939054
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3332284/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/660869
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985027
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045440/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27255389
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27931152
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28825919
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503374
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25543075
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3190220
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666312004138
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19634935
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18298259
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/148/4/650/4965932
The truth about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - Helen M. Farrell Sign up for our newsletter and never miss an animation: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-truth-about-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect-helen-m-farrell

In 1982, a young nurse was suffering from severe, unrelenting depression. She couldn’t work, socialize or concentrate. One controversial treatment changed everything: after two courses of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) her symptoms lifted. So what exactly is electroconvulsive therapy and why is it so stigmatized? Helen M. Farrell details the history and evolution of ECT.

Lesson by Helen Farrell, directed by Artrake Studio.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dan Paterniti, Jerome Froelich, Tyler Yoshizumi, Martin Stephen, Justin Carpani, Faiza Imtiaz, Khalifa Alhulail, Tejas Dc, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Srikote Naewchampa, Sage Curie, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Ana Maria, Vignan Velivela, Ahmad Hyari, eden sher, Travis Wehrman, Louisa Lee, Kiara Taylor, Аркадий Скайуокер, Milad Mostafavi, Rob Johnson, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Karthik Cherala, haventfiguredout , Violeta Cervantes, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Lyn-z Schulte, cnorahs , Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, Tim Robinson, Jun Cai, Joichiro Yamada, Paul Schneider, Amber Wood, Ophelia Gibson Best, Cas Jamieson, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Phyllis Dubrow, Andreas Voltios, Eunsun Kim, Philippe Spoden, Samantha Chow, Ayala Ron, Manognya Chakrapani, Simon Holst Ravn, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Rakshit Kothari and Melissa Sorrells.
Antonin Artaud and the Theatre of Cruelty: Crash Course Theater #43 I don't mean it mean, but today we're going to be cruel. It's the fun-loving Theatre of Cruelty, which was pioneered by the genius Antonin Artaud in France during the inter-war period in twentieth century. The Theatre of Cruelty was meant to force an audience into looking at the ridiculous illusions of their bourgeois lives. Is it entertaining? Not always. Was it hugely influential? Absolutely.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
7 Discoveries Scientists Made by Licking Things You probably know not to lick something unfamiliar. But there are actually a surprising number of discoveries that have been made because scientists licked things.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.businessinsider.com/viagra-lsd-pacemakers-accidental-scientific-discoveries-2018-4#sweetn-low-6
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/what-happens-when-chemists-dont-wash-their-hands/381587/
https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/chemistrynow/chem_sweeteners.jsp
https://www.acsh.org/news/2004/10/08/a-bittersweet-anniversary-35-years-ago-this-month-cyclamate-was-banned
https://books.google.com/books?id=yTH1iI9ybl4C&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=%22at+a+slightly+later+stage,+when+licking+my+finger+to+pick+up+a+piece+of+paper,+I+noticed+a+very+strong,+sweet,+taste%22&source=bl&ots=SjKqBGx79u&sig=2T2ZO0JpRU6ec6IIC-i7lOkfMls&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2UJAVKaNF6f28QHuuoGwDg#v=onepage&q=%22at%20a%20slightly%20later%20stage%2C%20when%20licking%20my%20finger%20to%20pick%20up%20a%20piece%20of%20paper%2C%20I%20noticed%20a%20very%20strong%2C%20sweet%2C%20taste%22&f=false
http://www.publish.csiro.au/sb/pdf/SB17011
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01666505
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/12/08/568926178/scientists-discover-grass-species-with-intriguing-salt-and-vinegar-chip-flavor
https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/australia/aussie-grass-tastes-like-salt-and-vinegar.aspx
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/scientists-discover-grass-tastes-like-salt-vinegar-crisps/
https://www.sciencealert.com/salt-and-vinegar-chip-taste-spinifex-australian-native-grass-weird-plants
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4037/Dumbacher1992.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/101/45/15857.full.pdf
https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/30/us/rare-bird-indeed-carries-poison-in-bright-feathers.html
https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/avaqxa/these-birds-from-papua-new-guinea-secrete-one-of-the-worlds-most-deadly-poisons
https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/creatura-blog/2014/06/hooded-pitohui-bird/
https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/nab/v046n05/p01084-p01087.pdf
http://mentalfloss.com/article/51743/4-poisonous-birds
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/batrachotoxin/batrah.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264422709_CARL_WILHELM_SCHEELE_1742-1786_THE_LIFE_OF_A_GREAT_CHEMIST
https://chemistry.unt.edu/sites/default/files/users/owj0001/scheele.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281638
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/cyanide_general.htm
https://allthatsinteresting.com/carl-wilhelm-scheele
http://listverse.com/2008/06/04/top-10-scientists-killed-or-injured-by-their-experiments/
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329762-600-ancient-water-cache-may-be-pristine-primordial-soup/
https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/21/world/americas/ancient-water-tasting/index.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12127.epdf?referrer_access_token=3dITCYYZoDCID_rdak1xx9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N1aiQbudzlXgR9YQ8YwjwgPvDaT_vLsREYFVAUXBvgmJ3QhMtF7Sj2tCKzH-SM0eGe2wp3fwolap8LiuPqoHIbDXp4UXbJ8dlUvbAF2T3BJPr_2xb0yLGAympUducrLKXJiQ_VQzXxC8vnwesEF-jbRbWwoKJyBbMpP_5-EVpfi2vFjZeG2TcmuHV_7lUFSlNdh8G3FFMxXBLFMDtubxgb&tracking_referrer=www.cnn.com
https://www.livescience.com/32028-oldest-water-found-underground.html
https://curiosity.com/topics/one-way-to-tell-between-a-rock-and-a-fossil-is-to-lick-it-curiosity/
https://twitter.com/mikamckinnon/status/1030860663667740673?lang=en
https://voices.pomona.edu/2013/11/on-the-merits-of-licking-rocks/
https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/21/world/americas/ancient-water-tasting/index.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12127.epdf?referrer_access_token=3dITCYYZoDCID_rdak1xx9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N1aiQbudzlXgR9YQ8YwjwgPvDaT_vLsREYFVAUXBvgmJ3QhMtF7Sj2tCKzH-SM0eGe2wp3fwolap8LiuPqoHIbDXp4UXbJ8dlUvbAF2T3BJPr_2xb0yLGAympUducrLKXJiQ_VQzXxC8vnwesEF-jbRbWwoKJyBbMpP_5-EVpfi2vFjZeG2TcmuHV_7lUFSlNdh8G3FFMxXBLFMDtubxgb&tracking_referrer=www.cnn.com
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/main/itn/barbara-sherwood-lollar-taste-ancient-water
Why Can't My Cat See a Treat in Front of Her Face? Cats are known for having fantastic night vision, but why is it during the day my cats can't see the treat that I'm putting right in front of them?

Hosted by: Michael Aranda

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/eye-disorders-of-cats/eye-structure-and-function-in-cats
https://books.google.com/books?id=m-NRAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+domestic+cat+biology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWooj735XeAhWl1IMKHbULAkAQuwUIKzAA#v=onepage&q=visual&f=false
https://books.google.com/books?id=JvMWBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+domestic+cat+biology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWooj735XeAhWl1IMKHbULAkAQuwUINzAC#v=onepage&q=visual&f=false
https://www.aao.org/museum-eye-openers/how-does-eye-focus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11032/
https://www.cathealth.com/cat-health/vision/1327-feline-vision
https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/why-do-cats-have-slit-shaped-eyes
Is the Mystery of Earth's 1.2 Billion Missing Years Solved? | SciShow News For the last hundred and fifty years or so, geologists have been trying to wrap their heads around the mystery: in some places, the geologic record just seems to jump by over billion years. And last week, a paper was published that may hold the answer to this mystery.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/12/26/1804350116
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10969
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296058495_Vishnu_basement_rocks_of_the_Upper_Granite_Gorge_Continent_formation_184_to_166_billion_years_ago
http://geoscience.unlv.edu/pub/rowland/Virtual/geology.html#whatis
https://eos.org/articles/erasing-a-billion-years-of-geologic-time-across-the-globe
Spinning Black Holes A pulsing black hole in the centre of a distant galaxy sheds light on black hole and galaxy formation. How fast are black holes rotating and how does that rotation change over its life-span?

Huge thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis and study author Dr. Dheeraj Pasham.

A loud quasi-periodic oscillation after a star is disrupted
by a massive black hole
https://ve42.co/pasham

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, James M Nicholson, Michael Krugman, Nathan Hansen, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Terrance Shepherd

Music from http://epidemicsound.com "Colorful animation 4" "serene story 2" "To the stars 01" "Black Vortex

Animations by Alan Chamberlain and courtesy of NASA
What Can You Buy With 5.7 Billion Dollars? (Trump's Wall Cost) What else could you buy with the budget of Donald Trump’s proposed border wall during this government shutdown?
Listen to our podcast: http://sidenotepodcast.com

Ask us your burning questions in the comments!

Created by: Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown
Written by: Rachel Salt, Sel Gebrehiwot, Max Simmons, Matt Carter, Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown
Illustrated by: Max Simmons
Edited by: Sel Ghebrehiwot

FOLLOW US!
Instagram and Twitter: @whalewatchmeplz and @mitchellmoffit
Clickable: http://bit.ly/16F1jeC and http://bit.ly/15J7ube

AsapINSTAGRAM: https://instagram.com/asapscience/
Facebook: http://facebook.com/AsapSCIENCE
Twitter: http://twitter.com/AsapSCIENCE
Tumblr: http://asapscience.tumblr.com

Created by Mitchell Moffit (twitter @mitchellmoffit) and Gregory Brown (twitter @whalewatchmeplz).

Send us stuff!

ASAPSCIENCE INC.
P.O. Box 93, Toronto P
Toronto, ON, M5S2S6

REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/health/Vaccine-Costs-Soaring-Paying-Till-It-Hurts.html

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/05/america-homeless-population-2017-official-count-crisis

https://www.nature.com/news/open-access-the-true-cost-of-science-publishing-1.12676

https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/report/sections/academic-research-and-development/outputs-of-s-e-research-publications#publication-output-by-country

https://www.deptofnumbers.com/rent/us/

https://spacenews.com/nasa-receives-20-7-billion-in-omnibus-appropriations-bill/

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/us/politics/senate-democrats-border-wall-cost-trump.html

https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/15/heres-how-much-the-average-student-loan-borrower-owes-when-they-graduate.html

https://www.forbes.com/sites/michelinemaynard/2018/08/28/pumpkin-spice-latte-is-back-and-this-year-starbucks-needs-it-more-than-ever/#7b509a291b4a

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/12/elon-musk-flint-fund-clean-water-contamination

https://ourworldindata.org/vaccine-preventable-diseases

https://www.creditdonkey.com/average-cost-dental-insurance.html

https://www.solarpowerauthority.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-install-solar-on-an-average-us-house/
How Aspirin Changed Medicine Forever Aspirin isn't just an old medicine cabinet stand-by, it's one of the oldest medicines we humans learned how to make ourselves. And our research into aspirin did more than just make it better at relieving pain, it opened the door to whole new disciplines of scientific research!

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325emergence.html
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325aspirin.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119266/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894700/#!po=12.9630
https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/aspirin-turn-of-the-century-miracle-drug
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bd0b/27477159fd010cf8eb9a50e03dd2fdec36da.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4317158/
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/chapterhtml/2015/9781782622345-00001?isbn=978-1-
https://www.medscape.com/answers/2500031-100978/what-is-the-role-of-aspirin-in-preventing-cardiovascular-disease-cvd
The Future of Clean Energy: Crash Course Engineering #31 This week we are exploring alternative energy sources. We'll look at how biomass can be burned as a fuel source, how hydrogen can be used in a fuel cell to generate electrical power, and how nuclear fission provides power to the grid. We'll also discuss how nuclear fusion might someday do the same without any radioactive waste.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV

***

RESOURCES:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-waste-disposal.htm
https://www.livescience.com/39961-chernobyl.html

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Can you solve the multiplying rabbits riddle? - Alex Gendler Sign up for our newsletter and never miss an animation: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-multiplying-rabbits-riddle-alex-gendler

After years of experiments, you’ve finally created the pets of the future – nano-rabbits! They’re tiny, they’re fuzzy ... and they multiply faster than the eye can see. But a rival lab has sabotaged you, threatening the survival of your new friends. Can you figure out how to avert this hare-raising catastrophe? Alex Gendler shows how.

Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by Artrake Studio.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dan Paterniti, Jerome Froelich, Tyler Yoshizumi, Martin Stephen, Justin Carpani, Faiza Imtiaz, Khalifa Alhulail, Tejas Dc, Benjamin & Shannon Pinder, Srikote Naewchampa, Sage Curie, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Ana Maria, Vignan Velivela, Ahmad Hyari, eden sher, Travis Wehrman, Louisa Lee, Kiara Taylor, Аркадий Скайуокер, Milad Mostafavi, Rob Johnson, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Mihail Radu Pantilimon, Karthik Cherala, Violeta Cervantes, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Lyn-z Schulte, cnorahs, Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, Tim Robinson, Jun Cai, Joichiro Yamada, Paul Schneider, Amber Wood, Ophelia Gibson Best, Cas Jamieson, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Phyllis Dubrow, Andreas Voltios, Eunsun Kim, Philippe Spoden, Samantha Chow, Ayala Ron, Manognya Chakrapani, Simon Holst Ravn, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Rakshit Kothari and Melissa Sorrells.
When Predictions Succeed: Crash Course Statistics #44 In our series finale, we're going to take a look at some of the times we've used statistics to gaze into our crystal ball, and actually got it right! We'll talk about how stores know what we want to buy (which can sometimes be a good thing), how baseball was changed forever when Paul DePodesta created a record-winning Oakland A's baseball team, and how statistics keeps us safe with the incredible strides we've made in weather forecasting. Statistics are everywhere, and even if you don't remember all the formulae and graphs we've thrown at you in this series, we hope you take with you a better appreciation of the many ways statistics impacts your life, and hopefully we've given your a more math-y perspective on how the world works. Thanks so much for watching DFTBAQ!

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
How Scientists Are Using Diaper Technology to Study Brains Microscopes are great for studying tiny things, but they have limits. Luckily, scientists have found a way to make tiny things larger, and it involves a chemical you can find in diapers.

Hosted by: Olivia Gordon

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/methods/microscopy/microscopy.html
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-017-0393-3
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438817302921
https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.4113
https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3641
https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3625
https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2009.100
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.12712
Why Do Kids Puke So Much? Anyone who’s frequently around kids knows that they throw up a lot, and at seemingly weird times. But there are some interesting biological reasons why that might be!

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/69/Supplement_1/2S/255922?searchresult=1
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/10/645723728/the-queasy-truth-about-why-kids-are-so-prone-to-vomiting
https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/45/suppl_2/II6.full.pdf [PDF]
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00118.x
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05472.x
http://denhamlab.gmu.edu/Publications%20PDFs/Denham%202007.pdf [PDF]
https://www.webmd.com/parenting/features/anxiety-stress-and-stomachaches#1
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550613511499
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453010002155
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00169.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658708/
https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.95
https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=s7nWIlnimY8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA65&dq=autism+emesis+emotion&ots=85qGSCHzQg&sig=prhPMLSl8ooH8L5KM0pJRDNku50#v=onepage&q&f=false

Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afferent_(PSF).png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray793.png
Introduction to Crash Course Navigating Digital Information #1 We love the internet! It's a wealth of information where we can learn about just about anything, but it's also kind of a pit of information that can be false or misleading. So, we're partnering with Mediawise and the Stanford History Education Group to make this series on Navigating Digital Information. Let's learn the facts about facts!

Special thanks to our partners from MediaWise who helped create this series:
The Poynter Institute
The Stanford History Education Group (sheg.stanford.edu)

MediaWise is supported by Google.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Can you survive nuclear fallout? - Brooke Buddemeier and Jessica S. Wieder Sign up for our newsletter and never miss an animation: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-survive-nuclear-fallout-brooke-buddemeier-and-jessica-s-wieder

Nuclear weapons are some of the most powerful tools of destruction on Earth, and the full scope of a nuclear detonation is almost unimaginable. However, there is a scientifically supported plan of action that could save thousands of lives. What is this plan, and what exactly would it protect us from? Brooke Buddemeier and Jessica S. Wieder explore the possibility of surviving nuclear detonation.

Lesson by Brooke Buddemeier and Jessica S. Wieder, directed by Tom Gran & Madeleine Grossi.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ka-Hei Law, Maya Toll, Ricardo Rendon Cepeda, Renhe Ji, Andrés Melo Gámez, Tim Leistikow, Shawar Khan, Chris, Megan Douglas, Barbara Smalley, Filip Dabrowski, Joe Giamartino, Clair Chen, Vik Nagjee, Karen Goepen-Wee, Della Palacios, Stephanie Perozo, Marc Bilodeau, Ivan Tsenov, Claudia Mayfield, Pavel Zalevskiy, Yankai Liu, Duo Xu, Ghassan Alhazzaa, Miloš Stevanović, Joy Love Om, Gi Nam Lee, Shawn Quichocho, Anika Westburg, Brandy Jones, Devin Harris, Tony Trapuzzano, Jason Weinstein, Kris Siverhus, Alexander Walls, Annamaria Szilagyi, Morgan Williams, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Mandeep Singh, Sama aafghani, سلطان الخليفي, Marylise CHAUFFETON, Marvin Vizuett, Jayant Sahewal, Quinn Shen, Caleb ross, Elizabeth Cruz, Elnathan Joshua Bangayan, Mullaiarasu Sundaramurthy and Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva.
Behold—Poisonous Snakes! (Yes, You Read That Right) While it’s true that most snakes aren’t considered poisonous, there definitely are poisonous snakes, with poison for their predators and venom for their prey.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

https://www.science.org.au/curious/everything-else/poison-vs-venom
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2013/01/09/on-the-origin-of-venom/
https://www.unco.edu/nhs/biology/about-us/mackessy-stephen/documents/2014-ToxinReviews-Colubrid-venoms.pdf
http://snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2013/09/basics-of-snake-fangs.html
http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Rhabdophis&species=tigrinus
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225633210_Chemical_investigations_of_defensive_steroid_sequestration_by_the_Asian_snake_Rhabdophis_tigrinus
http://www.pnas.org/content/104/7/2265.short
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226345711_Nuchal_glands_A_novel_defensive_system_in_snakes
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.5358/hsj.35.53
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4407547/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000045585.77875.09
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1442023.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3105/1345-5834%282008%2927%5B23%3ACETTKN%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=jche
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092966461200109X
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mez/40/3/40_KJ00002641969/_article
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283084352_Natural_history_note_on_a_new_defensive_behavior_observation_from_Rhabdophis_subminiatus_helleri
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000045585.77875.09
https://www.mcglothlin.biol.vt.edu/cb2016.pdf

Images:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhabdophis_tigrinus_IMG_6559.retouch.JPG
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-rhabdophis-tigrinus/683240674/popup?sq=%20Rhabdophis/f=CPIHVX/s=DynamicRank
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzonqxbwAms
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-western-diamondback-rattlesnake-striking-with/146062145/popup?sq=snake%20fangs/f=CPIHVX/s=DynamicRank
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-female-boomslang-snake-in-botswana/696227832/popup?sq=boomslang%20fangs/f=CPIHVX/s=DynamicRank
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzfYYdziV3k
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-tiger-keelback-rhabdophis-tigrinus/469459904/popup?sq=keelback/f=CPIHVX/s=DynamicRank
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7judt8C-X0k
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bufadienolide_skeletal.svg
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-rhabdophis-himalayanus-rhabdophis-himalayanus/947821124/popup?sq=%20Rhabdophis/f=CPIHVX/s=DynamicRank
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garter_Snake_(6869758932).jpg
Thumbnail: http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-tiger-keelback-rhabdophis-tigrinus/469459888/popup?sq=keelback/f=CPIHVX/s=DynamicRank
Einstein's Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #32 There was physics before Einstein in the same way that there was biology before Darwin. Einstein didn’t just add some new ideas to physics. And he didn’t just add a unifying framework for doing physics, like Newton. Einstein took what people thought was physics, turned it upside down, then turned it inside out.

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
How Thor got his hammer - Scott A. Mellor Sign up for our newsletter and never miss an animation: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-thor-got-his-hammer-scott-a-mellor

Loki the mischief-maker, writhes in Thor’s iron grip. The previous night, he’d snuck up on Thor’s wife and shorn off her beautiful hair. To fix what he’d done, Loki rushes to the dwarves and tricks them into making gifts for the gods. Wanting to best their smith rivals, the dwarves make a set of golden treasures, including a hammer called Mjolnir. Scott A. Mellor traces the legend of Thor’s hammer.

Lesson by Scott A. Mellor, directed by Remus and Kiki.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mrinalini, Anthony Kudolo, Scott Gass, Querida Owens, Hazel Lam, Manav parmar, Dwight Tevuk, Siamak H, Dominik Kugelmann, Mary Sawyer, David Rosario, Samuel Doerle, Susan Herder, Savannah Scheelings, Prasanth Mathialagan, Yanira Santamaria, Dawn Jordan, Kevin Wong, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Cristóbal Moenne, MJ Tan Mingjie, Yansong Li, Jason A Saslow, Joanne Luce, Kyle Nguyen, Taylor Hunter, Noa Shore, Lex Azevedo, Merit Gamertsfelder, Bev Millar, Rishi Pasham, Jhuval , SookKwan Loong, Bruno Pinho, Javier Aldavaz, Rodrigo Carballo, Boytsov Ilya, EdoKun, Misaki Sato, Craig Sheldon, Andrew Bosco, Catherine Sverko, Nik Maier, Mark Morris, Adi V, Peter Liu, Leora Allen, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Michal Salman and Gilly.
5 Amazing Feats of Animal Engineering You might consider humans or beavers to be the best engineers on the planet, but these 5 other animals go to great lengths to put our houses and dams to shame.

Hosted by: Michael Aranda

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

Sociable Weaver:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196305800114
https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/sociable-weaver
https://www.audubon.org/magazine/march-april-2014/africas-social-weaverbirds-take-communal
http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-sociable-weaver.html
https://www.wired.com/2014/08/absurd-creature-of-the-week-the-bird-that-builds-nests-so-huge-they-pull-down-trees/

Great Bowerbird:
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(10)01036-5
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2010/09/09/male-bowerbirds-create-forced-perspective-illusions-that-only-females-see/#.W_NXOi2ZNE4
https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2012/12/male-bowerbirds-stick-to-their-own-style/
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/11/28/1208350109
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1554/04-669.1
https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/bowerbird

Pufferfish:
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02106
https://www.livescience.com/40132-underwater-mystery-circles.html

Oriental Hornet:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219109500034R
http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/1536/2/intelligent_thermoregulation_and_homeostasis__lessons_from_nature__paper_976.pdf
https://eurekamag.com/pdf/002/002094964.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jemt.20360
http://www.descsite.nl/Publications/Thesis/Rosenzweig/Rosenzweig_CHAPTER_2.htm

Prairie Dog:
https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/prairie/
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1609&context=greatplainsresearch
https://www.nps.gov/scbl/planyourvisit/upload/Prairie-Dogs.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=BJzzQXkka54C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://asknature.org/strategy/asymmetric-burrow-openings-create-passive-ventilation/#.W_SJFS2ZNE6
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226446483_Wind-induced_ventilation_of_the_burrow_of_the_prairie-dogCynomys_ludovicianus
----------
Images:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/46163526411/in/photolist-aQfgdZ-aXHA8i-aXHznc-aQeASi-aUkqVe-aQeAhK-2dkj96a/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/6537730025/in/photolist-aQfgdZ-aXHA8i-aXHznc-aQeASi-aUkqVe-aQeAhK-2dkj96a
https://www.flickr.com/photos/126953422@N04/36115604090
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torquigener_flavimaculosus.jpg
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02106/figures/3
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vespa_orientalis_(Oriental_hornet)_,_Skala_Kalloni,_Lesbos,_Greece.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A4riehund_P1010308.JPG
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/6537732583/in/photolist-aQfgdZ-aXHznc-aQeASi-aUkqVe-aQeAhK-2dkj96a-aXHA8i
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-TT2fzzox0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vespa_orientalis_nest_1.jpg
Are the Bees Okay Now? About 10 years ago, the news was packed with reports about something called colony collapse disorder — a mysterious phenomenon that involved the disappearance of enormous numbers of bees. Then, the news stopped talking about it. So what gives? Are bees safe now?

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/BeeColonies/BeeColonies-08-01-2018.pdf
https://beeinformed.org/results/honey-bee-colony-losses-2017-2018-preliminary-results/
https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005757
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6229/1255957
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32194-8
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/european-union-expands-ban-three-neonicotinoid-pesticides
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mystery-vanishing-honeybees-still-not-definitively-solved
https://u.osu.edu/beelab/bee-pasture-meadows-and-flower-strips/
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/2/662.short
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6229/1255957
http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2012/05/insect-pollinators-contribute-29b-us-farm-income
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606032/
https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/epa-actions-protect-pollinators
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5396195/
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029268
https://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates
The Quietest, Oldest, and Magnetic-iest Science of 2018 2018 was full of exciting discoveries and incredible advancements in the field of science. So today, we are taking a look back at 2018 to highlight three more great science news stories!

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
Quietest Science:
https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/say035/5123345
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/busy-bees-take-break-during-total-solar-eclipses-180970502/
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1676/0043-5643%282000%29112%5B0431%3ABBDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb00878.x
Oldest Science:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0514-3
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06664-y
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06657-x
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/stone-age-markings-may-be-oldest-drawing-ever-discovered-180970269/
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6378/912
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6053/219
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13422
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440313000757
Magneticiest Science:
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5044557
https://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/nanotechnology/magnetic-field-record-set-with-a-bang-1200-tesla
http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magflux.htm
https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/1-tesla-permanent-magnet.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921452600007237
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/strongest-indoor-magnetic-field-blows-doors-tokyo-lab-180970436/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180919100929.htm

Image Sources:
https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/view.htm?id=51D1AC51-1DD8-B71B-0B84027BBF43C7E0
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/182412.php?from=407973
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/res/180223.php?from=405389

"Magnetic Field"
Credit; UTokyo-ISSP
Lab website; http://www.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/labs/mgsl/index.html
Reference;
"An approach to 1000 T using the electro-magnetic flux compression"
D. Nakamura, H. Sawabe, and S. Takeyama
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 016106 (2018).
https://aip.scitation.org_/doi/10.1063/1.5003411
What If You Stopped Brushing Your Teeth Forever? What if you never brushed your teeth? Or even stopped for a year? Here's what would happen!
Listen to our podcast: http://sidenotepodcast.com

Ask us your burning questions in the comments!

Created by: Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown
Written by: Tharsan Kana
Illustrated by: Max Simmons
Edited by: Sel Ghebrehiwot

FOLLOW US!
Instagram and Twitter: @whalewatchmeplz and @mitchellmoffit
Clickable: http://bit.ly/16F1jeC and http://bit.ly/15J7ube

AsapINSTAGRAM: https://instagram.com/asapscience/
Facebook: http://facebook.com/AsapSCIENCE
Twitter: http://twitter.com/AsapSCIENCE
Tumblr: http://asapscience.tumblr.com

Created by Mitchell Moffit (twitter @mitchellmoffit) and Gregory Brown (twitter @whalewatchmeplz).

Send us stuff!

ASAPSCIENCE INC.
P.O. Box 93, Toronto P
Toronto, ON, M5S2S6

REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

1) https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mouth-health-how-long-hav_b_683535
2) https://www.businessinsider.com/what-happens-stop-brushing-teeth-2018-9
3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903342/
4) https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/p/plaque
5) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.1973.44.7.396
6) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8259/
7) https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/tartar-dental-calculus-overview
8) https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/childrens-oral-health/tooth-decay-process
9) https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-does-the-fluoride-in/
10)https://ca.news.yahoo.com/this-is-what-happens-if-you-dont-brush-your-teeth-201004376.html
11) https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201738
12)https://crest.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/gums/gum-disease-symptoms-causes-treatments
13) http://periogen.com/assets/joby-2377-987x-03-0024.pdf
14) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1368837515001268
15) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100856/
16) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.14791
17) https://www.nhs.uk/news/neurology/can-cleaning-teeth-help-prevent-dementia/
18)https://medium.com/forever-young/for-hundreds-of-thousands-of-years-humans-did-not-brush-their-teeth-why-do-we-brush-them-now-1bfe99250a35
19) https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothpastes
20) https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/b/brushing-your-teeth
The Cat That (Maybe) Ate an Entire Species Many cat owners are familiar with the "gifts" their feline friends are fond of giving, but if left unchecked, this behavior can be devastating.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

https://www.notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf
https://www.allaboutbirds.org/the-obituary-of-the-stephens-island-wren/
http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/page-family-acanthisittidae.html
https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Our-Science/Earth-Science/Regional-Geology/The-Geology-of-New-Zealand
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855539/
https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/animal-pests/
https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2017/10/the-weird-flightless-birds-of-new-zealand/
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10696945
The Engineering Challenges of Renewable Energy: Crash Course Engineering #30 This week we are looking at renewable energy sources and why we need them. We’ll explore hydropower, wind, geothermal, and solar power, as well as some of the challenges, and how engineers are working to make their use more widespread.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.energyenvoys.org.uk/sites/default/files/Non-renewable%20and%20renewable%20resources_0.pdf
https://whatsyourimpact.org/greenhouse-gases/carbon-dioxide-emissions
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydropower/tech.html
https://www.iea.org/topics/renewables/hydropower/
https://twitter.com/nationalgriduk/status/1014255303175626754
http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/9082.aspx

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
The history of the world according to cats - Eva-Maria Geigl Sign up for our newsletter and never miss an animation: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter

View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history-of-the-world-according-to-cats-eva-maria-geigl

In ancient times, wildcats were fierce carnivorous hunters. And unlike dogs, who have undergone centuries of selective breeding, modern cats are genetically very similar to ancient cats. How did these solitary, fierce predators become our sofa sidekicks? Eva-Maria Geigl traces the domestication of the modern house cat.

Lesson by Eva-Maria Geigl, directed by Chintis Lundgren.

Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jordan Tang, Juan, Sid, Tracey Tobkin, emily lam, Kathryn J Hammond, Elliot Poulin, Noel Situ, Oyuntsengel Tseyen-Oidov, Latora Slydell, Sydney Evans, Victor E Karhel, Bernardo Paulo, Eysteinn Guðnason, Andrea Feliz, Natalia Rico, Josh Engel, Bárbara Nazaré, Gustavo Mendoza, Zhexi Shan, Hugo Legorreta, PnDAA, Sandra Tersluisen, Ellen Spertus, Fabian Amels, sammie goh, Mattia Veltri, Quentin Le Menez, Yuh Saito, Heather Slater, Dr Luca Carpinelli, Janie Jackson, Christophe Dessalles, Arturo De Leon, Eduardo Briceño, Bill Feaver, Ricardo Paredes, David Douglass, Paul Coupe, Jen, Megan Whiteleather, Mayank Kaul, Ryohky Araya, Tan YH, Ph.D., Brittiny Elman, Ruth Fang, Alex Schenkman, Ivan Todorović and Yanuar Ashari.
Why Doesn't It Get Dark When You Blink? Normally when you blink, you don’t really notice, and it turns out your brain is playing a bit of a trick on you to make that happen!

Hosted by: Stefan Chin

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/207/4433/900
http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1981-06762-001
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982205006603#bib4
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31509-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982216315093%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30996-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982218309965%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/why-you-don-t-go-momentarily-blind-when-you-blink-1.4868093

Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray996.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cortical_midline_structures.png
The Science of Happiness! Laughter, love, and happiness are some of the best aspects of being human, and we've looked into the science behind it more than a few times. Here are a few videos that we hope will make you happy!

Hosted by: Stefan Chin

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org

Where Does Love Come From?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEFMya7zQKo

Why Do Dogs Wag Their Tails?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZJ66ryFqaw

Why Do We Laugh?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov-kXSS1_yc

ASMR: That Happy, Tingly Feeling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7o2GR4ayHCc

Why Do We Have Butt Hair?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgsdhmLrLPA

----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
Is Sitting up Straight Actually Good Posture? Spines are naturally curved, not straight, so what good posture actually looks like isn't as straightforward as you might think.

Hosted by: Olivia Gordon

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

Global Burden of Disease
https://ard.bmj.com/content/73/6/968
https://www.nhs.uk/news/lifestyle-and-exercise/back-pain-leading-cause-of-disability-study-finds/

Dextrocardia and spinal rotation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506918
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741456

Sitting advice
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/24/649169060/cant-get-comfortable-in-your-chair-heres-what-you-can-do
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/08/13/636025077/to-fix-that-pain-in-your-back-you-might-have-to-change-the-way-you-sit

Sedentary behavior
https://health.gov/news/blog-bayw/2013/01/decreasing-sedentary-behavior-and-physical-inactivity-by-moving-more-and-sitting-less/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414602877
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951407

No one definition of posture
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X12000938
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09593980151143228

Wheelchair lung capacity
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999305014723

Images:

http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-medical-illustration/483780512
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-human-anatomy-drawing-old-canvas/667381086
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-3d-illustration-of-spine-medical-concept/860775922
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-human-spine-in-details-vertebra-bone-marrow/615079558
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-the-human-body-spine/868466000
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-illustration-sciatic-nerve-pain-locatio/824757452
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Situs_inversus_chest_Nevit.jpg
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-illustration-girl-sitting-posture-set/648683388
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-illustration-correct-and-uncorrect-bad-sitting/636288838
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-woman-on-wheelchair-entering-the-platform/1058297106
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-illustration-neck-pain-from-smartphone/504005450
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-fitness-sexy-woman-showing-abs-and-flat-belly/868086364
http://www.thinkstockphotos.com/image/stock-photo-businesswoman-suffering-from-backache/614422278
3 Great Minds We Lost in 2018 We welcomed new science and discoveries in 2018, but unfortunately, we also had to say goodbye to some important figures in the scientific community.

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/08/koko-the-talking-gorilla-sign-language-francine-patterson/402307/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/stephen-hawking-obituary
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/science/space/jacob-bekenstein-physicist-who-revolutionized-theory-of-black-holes-dies-at-68.html
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/optimist-who-believed-saving-corals/574240/
http://www.pnas.org/content/92/16/7430.short
http://gatescorallab.com/omics-and-climate-change
How does a whip break the sound barrier? (Slow Motion Shockwave formation) - Smarter Every Day 207 Behind the Scenes: https://youtu.be/3HABgm-UUi0
Download Skunkworks! http://www.audible.com/Smarter
Click here if you're interested in subscribing: http://bit.ly/Subscribe2SED ⇊ Click below for more links! ⇊

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
GET SMARTER SECTION

Check out Derek's video about Schlieren Photography on Veritasium!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tgOyU34D44

The awesome German Paper:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001930050093

University of Arizona paper:
http://www.e-kaczor.net/keiko/whip.pdf

History of Shock waves:
https://books.google.com/books?id=PmuqCHDC3pwC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=otto+lummer+whip&source=bl&ots=odJCjhXq1g&sig=ByriDEpT8KJ-9Vj-iUijGC-cKWg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx-O_1nL7fAhXtYt8KHWmzAU0Q6AEwCXoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=otto%20lummer%20whip&f=false

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

April Jennifer Choi is a Mechanical Engineer and Professional Whip Artist from Peoria, IL. She has a Master's Degree in Computational Fluid Dynamics as well as several Guinness World Records in Whip Cracking. April is also a well known Fire Performer and you can check out what she does on Social Media through these links.
http://www.instagram.com/withoutshade86/
http://youtube.com/c/AprilJenniferChoi
http://www.facebook.com/AprilJennChoi/

Tweet Ideas to me at:
http://twitter.com/smartereveryday

I'm "ilikerockets" on Snapchat.
Snap Code: http://i.imgur.com/7DGfEpR.png

Smarter Every Day on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/SmarterEveryDay

Smarter Every Day on Patreon
http://www.patreon.com/smartereveryday

Smarter Every Day On Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/smartereveryday

Smarter Every Day SubReddit
http://www.reddit.com/r/smartereveryday

Ambiance and musicy things by: Gordon McGladdery did the outro music the video.
http://ashellinthepit.bandcamp.com/
The thought is it my efforts making videos will help educate the world as a whole, and one day generate enough revenue to pay for my kids college education. Until then if you appreciate what you've learned in this video and the effort that went in to it, please SHARE THE VIDEO!

If you REALLY liked it, feel free to pitch a few dollars Smarter Every Day by becoming a Patron.
http://www.patreon.com/smartereveryday

Warm Regards,

Destin

Disclaimer:
“Information related to UAH contained in this video is subject to change by the appropriate officials of The University of Alabama in Huntsville without prior notice. Material and information in this video do not serve as a contract between The University of Alabama in Huntsville and any other party and do not serve as an endorsement of any paid sponsor of this video.”
7 Unbelievably Hardcore Ants The ant world is an incredible, dangerous, and downright bizarre place. Some ants, though, are a lot cooler and more resourceful than you might give them credit for.

Hosted by: Michael Aranda

Special thanks to Dr. Adrian Smith of https://www.youtube.com/antlab for giving us special permission to highlight his video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heuYzC12etg) in #1.

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:

https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/magazine/crazy-ants.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/ants/
https://www.terminix.com/blog/education/types-of-ants-eight-common-invaders/
https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-introduction-kinds-of-ants-1968111
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/ncmo-nru111418.php
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/ants/acrobat_ant.htm
https://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/asian-needle-ant/
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150513-ants-animals-science-insects-trap-jaw/
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07458-y
https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/what-skull-collecting-ants-bizarre-headhunting-behavior
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-the-crazy-ants/
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/honeybees-face-new-threat-in-texas-2009-08-07/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-the-crazy-ants/
https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/thief-ant
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/animals-ants-borneo-exploding-defense/
https://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v281/n5/pdf/scientificamerican1199-84.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347283712169
https://web.expasy.org/spotlight/pdf/sptlt014.pdf
https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/12/06/these-insects-stings-are-measured-as-the-most-painful-on-earth/#5864f9ed5600
https://www.asm.org/index.php/general-science-blog/item/6839-the-leaf-cutter-ant-s-50-million-years-of-farming
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/11/21/leafcutter-ants-rely-on-bacteria-to-fertilise-their-fungus-gardens/#.XAB-4iBReUk
https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/honeypot-ants
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/04/20/meet-the-exploding-ant-which-sacrifices-itself-for-its-colony/?utm_term=.0f35d5806607
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=22661

Images/Videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heuYzC12etg
https://www.videoblocks.com/video/ants-marching-through-a-path-in-an-urban-sidewalk-4dks0ymilikvsnt8f
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odontomachus_monticola.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lw3-kCBx50
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tawny_crazy_ant_(Nylanderia_fulva)_female_worker.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKg2T9lh7kI
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/167894.php
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/167894.php
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camponotus_saundersi_casent0179025_profile_1.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyergus_lucidus_returning_from_raid_on_Formica_incerta.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paraponera_clavata_MHNT.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paraponera_scaled.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atta_cephalotes-pjt.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRx9Oec_8NM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoneyAnt.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honey_Ants_(7344580116).jpg
Do Fish Pee? You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

You know you’ve wondered. Do fish actually pee? And what does that make the ocean… one big toilet?

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collections/its-okay-to-be-smart
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart

SEND US STUFF:

It’s Okay To Be Smart
PO Box 303356
Austin, TX 78703
USA

BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Is Burnt Toast Really Bad for You? You may have seen posts online warning you about the dangers of eating burnt toast, but how much will that actually affect your health?

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/27/how-burnt-toast-became-linked-to-cancer-acrylamide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403648
https://www.livescience.com/57612-acrylamide-cancer-risk.html
https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/discussion/opinion-how-dangerous-is-burnt-toast
https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/health/burnt-toast-cancer-risk-roast-potatoes-acrylamide-bn/index.html
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/acrylamide-food/en/
https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2017/01/23/its-too-soon-to-say-browned-toast-and-crispy-roast-potatoes-cause-cancer/

Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrylamide-MW-2000-3D-balls.png
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Poop Here on SciShow, we've talked a lot about poop and the science behind one of the more private aspects of our lives. So, our gift to you is a collection of just SOME of our poop-related episodes. Happy Holidays!

Hosted by: Stefan Chin

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
What If We Killed All the Wasps? Unlike their friendly, flower-pollinating cousin, the bee, wasps are best known for stinging people, ruining picnics, and generally being jerks... so should we just totally get rid of them?

Hosted by: Hank Green

SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at https://www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Lazarus G, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097029/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108242
https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef634
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.1991.10757963
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150522-the-wasps-that-rule-the-world
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25290653
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424343
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892453/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26079670
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160429-a-tale-of-loyalty-and-betrayal-starring-figs-and-wasps
https://cmr.asm.org/content/28/3/603#sec-71
https://ipmworld.umn.edu/landis
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6127/1608.full
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170116-the-tree-that-shaped-human-history
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a182/4a6f574b7c5fc65082563380dee695c22b7f.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25305549
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6001651/
The Best Test of General Relativity (by 2 Misplaced Satellites) A launch mishap led to the best experimental confirmation of gravitational redshift. Get a free audiobook with a 30-day trial of Audible: http://audible.com/VERITASIUM or text VERITASIUM to 500500

Huge thanks to
Dr. Pacome Delva: https://ve42.co/pacome
Dr. Sven Herrmann: https://ve42.co/sven
Gravitational Redshift Test Using Eccentric Galileo Satellites: https://ve42.co/GRtest

Disclaimer: It is arguable what is THE best test of general relativity because there are different ways to test the theory. This is the best confirmation of gravitational redshift, which is one of the three original tests proposed by Einstein.

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, James M Nicholson, Michael Krugman, Nathan Hansen, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Terrance Shepherd

Animations and editing by Alan Chamberlain

Music from http://epidemicsound.com "Subtle Substitutes 2" "A sound Foundation 1" "Cell Research 1" "Particle Attraction 1"